Xunzi

Japanese: 荀子 - じゅんし
Xunzi

A Chinese thinker from around the 3rd century BC. He was also a high-ranking official. His name was Kyo. He was also called Xunqing and Sunqing. He was from the state of Zhao (present-day western Hebei to northern Shanxi). At about the age of 50, he campaigned in the state of Qi (Shandong), where he was sometimes treated favorably as an elder among the scholars who gathered under Ji. However, he was soon slandered and moved to the state of Chu, where he was appointed governor of Lanling (southern Shandong) by Lord Chunshen. After Lord Chunshen was assassinated in 238 BC, he was expelled from his post and died in his post at Lanling.

He was a junior of Confucius (Kongqiu) and Mencius (Meng Ke), and belonged to the Confucian tradition. He left behind 20 volumes and 32 chapters of "Xunzi." Its central idea is the emphasis on the continuation of tireless effort. This basic way of thinking, which could be called the doctrine of effort, gave rise to the famous theory that humans are evil, in contrast to Mencius' theory that humans are good. Humans are inherently evil, but through acquired actions and effort, they can become saints. In ancient China, disasters were considered to be expressions of heaven's will, but Xunzi, who emphasized the acquired effort of humans, denied the correlation between the two. In addition, in contrast to the traditional idea that the ancient mythical Son of Heaven (the Former King) was the ideal model for a monarch, he also advocated the idea of ​​the Later King, which states that politics should follow the policies and systems established by the king who actually made an effort in the most recent era, that is, the "Later King." However, Xunzi's ideas, which emphasized reality and efforts to change it, were seen as heretical in Confucianism, which prioritizes idealism over reality, and it was not until the 18th century, during the Qing dynasty, that his theories began to attract attention.

[Fumiyoshi Fukui December 14, 2015]

[Reference items] | Confucianism | Shunshinkun | Sex theory

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

紀元前3世紀ごろの中国の思想家。高級官僚でもあった。名は況(きょう)。荀卿(じゅんけい)、孫卿(そんけい)ともよばれた。趙(ちょう)の国(現、河北省西部から山西省北部)の人。50歳ごろには斉(せい)の国(山東省)に遊説し、稷下(しょくか)に集まった学者たちの間で長老として優遇されることもあった。しかし、まもなく中傷されて楚(そ)の国に移り、春申君(しゅんしんくん)に取り立てられて蘭陵(らんりょう)(山東省南部)の知事となった。前238年に春申君が暗殺されたあとは官を追われ、そのまま任地の蘭陵で没している。

 孔子(こうし)(孔丘)、孟子(もうし)(孟軻(もうか))の後輩で、儒家の系列に入る。『荀子』20巻32篇(へん)の著作が残っている。その中心思想は、たゆみない努力の持続の重視である。このいわば努力主義とでもよべる基本的な考え方から、孟子の性善説に対して有名な性悪説が生まれている。人間の本来の性質は悪であるが、後天的な作為、努力しだいでは聖人になれる、というのである。また、古代中国では、災害は天の意思表示とみなされていたが、人間の後天的努力を重視する荀子は、両者の相関関係を否定した。また、古代の神話的天子(先王)を君主の理想像とする伝統的考え方に対して、政治はいちばん近い時代において現実に努力した王、つまり「後王(こうおう)」の定めた政策や制度に従うべきだ、という後王思想をも主張している。ただし、現実と、現実を変える努力を重視する荀子の考え方は、現実よりも理想論をたてまえとする儒教では異端視され、彼の説が注目されるようになったのは、実に清(しん)朝も18世紀に入ってからのことであった。

[福井文雅 2015年12月14日]

[参照項目] | 儒家 | 春申君 | 性悪説

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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