Hayaka - I see

Japanese medieval folk song. Also called "souga." A long song created in the middle to late Kamakura period, it has three names: Hayauta, Geniyasaba, and Ririura. From the late Edo period onwards, it was also called "enkyoku" due to the name "senshu." It was sung by the samurai class and other classes until the late 16th century. In the form of eight volumes of anthologies from "enkyokushu" to "Gyokurin-en" (completed by 1319) and one volume of "Sotomono," 173 songs with Japanese-style musical scores have been passed down, and the "Senyo Mokuroku-kan" lists the names of over 30 lyricists and composers. Other works that have been handed down include the "Isetsu Hishō Kuden no Maki" (1319), which contains parody lyrics, and 48 poems from each of the two pieces, and the "Ryōkyoku no Maki" (1322). The former is a secret book passed down to masters who had learned over 100 pieces. The latter was for those who had learned less than 100 pieces, and it appears that it was widely popular. Most of these were written and composed by the composer Myōkū (later renamed Gekkō). The proper way to sing them is to sing one or two lines solo, and then sing in unison. Sometimes parts of the song were hummed. There has been progress in deciphering the lyrics and musical scores of haka in recent years, and it is hoped that they will be restored. The content of the songs covers all aspects of life, praising Buddha and praying for good fortune and protection from disasters through themes such as natural phenomena, utensils, performing arts, temples and shrines. They were created in response to the critical social situation at the time of their creation, and had a great influence on later performing arts and literature, such as Noh.

[Nantoko Tonomura]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

日本の中世歌謡。「そうが」とも。鎌倉中末期にできた長編歌謡で、早歌、現也娑婆(げにやさば)、理里有楽(りりうら)の三つの名称がある。江戸末期以降、撰集(せんしゅう)の名により宴曲ともいう。16世紀後半まで武士を中心とする階層に歌われた。『宴曲集』から『玉林苑(えん)』までの八部16冊の撰集（1319年までに成立）と『外物(そともの)』一冊の形で、173曲の詞章が日本流の楽譜付きで伝わり、『撰要(せんよう)目録巻』に三十数名の作詞・作曲者名を載せる。ほかに替え歌の異説、両曲各48首を集めた『異説秘抄口伝巻(ひしょうくでんのまき)』（1319）、『撰要両曲巻(りょうきょくのまき)』（1322）が伝わる。前者は百曲以上習得の名手に伝授された秘伝書。後者は百曲未満習得者用で、広く流行したようすがうかがわれる。以上の大半は撰者明空(みょうくう)（のち月江(げっこう)と改名）により作詞・作曲された。歌い方は、一、二句を独唱で歌い、斉唱で和する形が正式である。曲の一部を口ずさむこともあった。早歌の詞章、楽譜の解読は近年進展をみつつあり、復原も期待される。曲の内容は生活の全般にわたり、自然現象、器物、伎芸(ぎげい)、寺社などの題材によって、仏を賛嘆し、招福除災を祈るものである。成立当時の危機的社会情勢に対応してつくりだされ、能など後世の芸能、文芸に大きな影響を与えた。

［外村南都子］

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