The idea that the relative price of a commodity is determined so that demand and supply are equal. In terms of the history of theory, in contrast to the classical labor theory of value led by D. Ricardo, which held that value is determined by the amount of labor invested as a production cost, J. S. Mill advocated the demand-supply principle of production cost theory, which held that the demand side also influences value. Furthermore, the marginal revolution of the 1870s led to a dramatic advancement in demand theory based on the subjective theory of value. Today, in neoclassical economics, which has developed by incorporating A. Marshall's partial equilibrium analysis and L. Walras' general equilibrium theory, the law of demand and supply is considered to represent the basic principle of the market mechanism. Source: Heibonsha World Encyclopedia, 2nd Edition Information |
商品の相対価格は需要と供給を等しくするように決まるという考え方。学説史的には,価値は生産費としての投下労働量によって決定されるというD.リカードを中心とする古典派の労働価値説に対して,J.S.ミルは需要側も価値に影響を与えるとして需要供給原理的生産費説を唱えた。さらに,1870年代の限界革命によって主観的価値論に基づく需要理論は飛躍的に進歩した。そして今日では,A.マーシャルの部分均衡分析とL.ワルラスの一般均衡理論を包摂して発展してきた新古典派経済学において,需要・供給の法則は市場機構の基本原理を表現するものと考えられている。
出典 株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について 情報 |
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