A type of stereoisomerism, also known as cis-trans isomerism. [ I ] The above compound is a planar molecule, but there are two types of isomers: cis, in which the same atom or atomic group a is bonded to the same side of the double bond, and trans, in which it is bonded to opposite sides. The first example of geometric isomerism is fumaric acid (melting point 287°C) and maleic acid (melting point 130°C), discovered in 1887 by JA Wislicenus. Geometric isomers generally have different physical and chemical properties. Even when different atoms or atomic groups are bonded to a double bond, they can be unambiguously distinguished by the E - Z designation (see Alternative Terms: E,Z Nomenclature). Geometric isomerism is seen not only in C=C double bonds, but also in compounds with double bonds such as N=N and C=N. For example, ordinary azobenzene is in the trans form, but when exposed to ultraviolet light, it partially changes to the cis form. Stereoisomers of oximes are usually referred to as syn and anti instead of cis and trans. [ II ] In cyclic compounds, when the ring is planar or can be considered planar, the substituents on the same side of the plane of the ring are called cis and the substituents on the opposite side are called trans. For example, 1,2-dichlorocyclopropane has the following geometric isomers. [ III ] In complex compounds, ligands of the same kind that are coordinated to a central atom (or ion) that are close to each other are called cis, and those that are far apart are called trans. For example, among complex salts with the composition [CoCl 2 (NH 3 ) 4 ]Cl, praseosalts (green) are in the trans configuration, and violeosalts (purple) are in the cis configuration. Source: Morikita Publishing "Chemical Dictionary (2nd Edition)" Information about the Chemical Dictionary 2nd Edition |
立体異性の一種で,シス-トランス異性ともいう.【Ⅰ】上記の化合物は平面分子であるが,同じ原子あるいは原子団aが,二重結合に対して同じ側に結合しているシス形と,反対側に結合しているトランス形の2種類の異性体が存在する.幾何異性の最初の例は,J.A. Wislicenus(ウィスリツェーヌス)によって1887年に発見されたフマル酸(融点287 ℃)とマレイン酸(融点130 ℃)である.幾何異性体は,一般に物理的・化学的性質が違う. 異なる原子あるいは原子団が二重結合に結合した場合でも,E-Z表示によれば一義的に区別できる([別用語参照]E,Z命名法).幾何異性はC=Cの二重結合だけでなく,N=NやC=Nなどの二重結合をもつ化合物にもみられる.たとえば,普通のアゾベンゼンはトランス形であるが,紫外線を照射すると,一部シス形にかわる. オキシムの立体異性体は,シス,トランスのかわりにシン(syn),アンチ(anti)を使うのが普通である. 【Ⅱ】環式化合物で,環が平面ないし平面とみなされる場合,環の平面に対して同じ側にある置換基をシス,反対側にある置換基をトランスという.たとえば,1,2-ジクロロシクロプロパンには,次のような幾何異性体が存在する. 【Ⅲ】錯化合物において,中心原子(またはイオン)に配位する同種の配位子が,互いに近いものをシス,遠いものをトランスという.たとえば,[CoCl2(NH3)4]Clの組成をもつ錯塩のうち,プラセオ塩(緑色)はトランス形で,ビオレオ塩(紫色)はシス形である. 出典 森北出版「化学辞典(第2版)」化学辞典 第2版について 情報 |
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