Islamic arts and crafts

Japanese: イスラム工芸 - イスラムこうげい（英語表記）Islamic arts and crafts

Muslim crafts. In Western Asia, metalwork, glasswork, and dyeing and weaving were developed and reached a high level during the Sassanid period (→ Sassanid art). Islamic crafts absorbed the traditions of Sassanid crafts and the craft traditions of the Roman cultural sphere that had developed in the Mediterranean region, and opened up a genre with its own decorative effects. (1) Ceramics. Starting with the development of colored and glazed pottery using cobalt pigments and iron color in the 8th and 9th centuries in the Mesopotamian region, Mesopotamia, northern Egypt, and the Iranian plateau saw a diverse development of painted pottery, painted pottery, luster pottery (→ luster), and figurative pottery, and there was also active interaction with Chinese ceramics. Its heyday was from the 10th to the 14th centuries, and it flourished in Iran and Turkey from the 16th to the 18th centuries. In the Iberian Peninsula, under the influence of Islamic pottery, luster-glazed Spanish pottery, known as Hispano-Moresque, was produced from around the 14th century. (2) Metal crafts: The chisel carving and gilding techniques of Sasanian metalworkers, and the precious stone inlay and cloisonné techniques of Byzantine metalworkers were introduced, resulting in the creation of vessels with intricate arabesque patterns carved into the entire surface, inlaid or gilded with gold and silver, inlaid with precious stones, and baked with cloisonné. There were also many elaborate vessels such as lamps, containers, jugs, and plates. Northern Mesopotamia and northern Iran were the main production areas. (3) Dyeing and weaving crafts: Following on from the traditions of Sasanian dyeing and weaving, they developed luxurious brocades, linen, and carpets. Famous are the Fatimid linen and silk cloths with continuous patterns of flowers, birds and animals, which were a succession of Egyptian Coptic textiles, the Safavid multicolored brocades and thin silk satins with highly complex techniques, velvet, embroidery, Turkish brocades, Indian brocades with a lot of gold thread, and Indian chintz dyed with plants. Carpets with local colors were also developed in Turkey, the Caucasus, the Iranian plateau, northern Mesopotamia, and Syria. (4) Glass crafts Developed in northern Egypt, northern Syria, Damascus, central Mesopotamia, and the Isfahan and Shiraz regions of Iran, and showed a wide range of development, from everyday tableware to medical, lighting, and scientific equipment. In particular, glass crafts in Damascus, northern Syria, and northern Egypt were best known for their reliefs, cuts, and enamel painting, and these techniques greatly influenced European glass crafts through the Byzantine world. (5) Woodwork and bone and horn crafts The unique expression of continuous decorative patterns carved into reliefs developed in furniture and architecture. Woodwork was applied to all kinds of places, such as doors, columns, friezes, and transoms of public buildings and mansions. The centers of this craft were in Egypt, northern Syria, central Mesopotamia, and northern Iran, and it was at its peak in the 15th and 16th centuries. Bone and horn crafts were centered in Egypt and Syria, and the tradition spread to Sicily and southern Spain. Its heyday was in the 10th to 14th centuries, but it declined thereafter.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

イスラム教徒による工芸。西アジアではササン朝時代 (→ササン朝美術 ) に金属工芸，ガラス工芸，染織工芸が発達して高い水準に到達していたが，イスラムの工芸は，そのササン工芸の伝統と地中海域に発達していたローマ文化圏の工芸の伝統を吸収して，独自の装飾効果をそなえたジャンルを切り開いた。 (1) 陶芸　メソポタミア地方で8，9世紀頃よりコバルト顔料や鉄色による彩色施釉陶器が発達したのを皮切りに，メソポタミア，エジプト北部，イラン高原で彩陶，絵陶，ラスター彩陶 (→ラスター ) ，造形陶器などが多様な展開をみせ，中国陶磁との交渉も盛んであった。その盛期は 10～14世紀で，16～18世紀にはイラン，トルコでも栄え，イベリア半島では 14世紀頃よりイスラム陶器の影響下にイスパノ・モレスクと呼ぶラスター彩のスペイン陶器を生み出した。 (2) 金属工芸　ササン金工の鏨 (たがね) 彫や鍍金法，ビザンチン金工の貴石象眼法や七宝技法が導入されて，緻密な唐草文やアラベスク文を器面全体に刻み込んだり，金銀の象眼や鍍金を施したもの，貴石の象眼や七宝を焼付けたものなどが作り出された。また灯火器，容器，水差し，盤などの器種に精巧なものが多い。メソポタミア北部，イラン北部がその主要産地であった。 (3) 染織工芸　ササン染織の伝統を引継ぎ，豪奢な錦や麻布，カーペットを発達させた。エジプトのコプト織の流れをくんだ，ファーティマ朝の草花鳥獣の連続文様を織込んだ麻布や絹布，サファビー朝の高度で複雑な技法の重ね織の多色錦や薄絹の紋織 (サテン) ，あるいはビロード，刺繍，トルコのブロケード，インドの金糸を多用した金襴や木綿の草木染のインド更紗 (さらさ) も著名。またトルコ，カフカス，イラン高原，メソポタミア北部，シリア各地に地方色のあるカーペットが発達した。 (4) ガラス工芸　エジプト北部，シリア北部やダマスカス，メソポタミア中部，イランのイスファハンやシーラーズ地方で発達し，日常食器から医療，照明，理化学器具にいたるまで，多様な発達をみせた。とりわけダマスカスやシリア北部，エジプト北部の産地では，レリーフ (浮彫) ・カットやエナメル彩色に最大の特色を発揮し，それらの技法はビザンチン世界を通じてヨーロッパのガラス工芸に大きな影響を与えた。 (5) 木工・骨角工芸　連続装飾文様をレリーフ状に刻み出して装飾する独特の表現が，家具や建築に格好の場を得て発達した。木工芸は公共建築や邸宅の扉，柱，フリーズ，欄間などあらゆる場所に応用された。エジプト，シリア北部，メソポタミア中部，イラン北部にその中心地があり，15～16世紀がその最盛期。骨角工芸はエジプトとシリアが中心で，その伝統はシチリア，スペイン南部にも伝わった。 10～14世紀がその盛期であったが以後衰えた。

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