Hammerhead shark - Hammerhead shark

Japanese: シュモクザメ - しゅもくざめ
Hammerhead shark - Hammerhead shark

A general term for the family and genera of the order Carcharhinidae. Hammerhead sharks in the family Sphyrnidae (English name: hammerhead sharks) are characterized by their large, bulging heads, with the eyes and nostrils at the tip. The Japanese name comes from the fact that the shape of their heads resembles a mallet used to ring bells. There are two genera and nine species known, which are classified mainly by head shape and divided into three groups based on the degree of head protrusion. The genus Eusphyra , whose bulging head resembles a pickaxe (a tool used to dig rocks and coal), consists of only one species, the Indian hammerhead shark E. blochii, which is found in the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea. The other species belong to the genus Sphyrna and are divided into two groups: those with a small shovel-shaped head protrusion and those with a medium hammer-shaped head protrusion. There are four small species of shovel-shaped hammerhead sharks, all found on the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the Americas. There are four large species of hammerhead sharks, three of which, the scalloped hammerhead S. lewini , the white hammerhead S. zygaena , and the great hammerhead S. mokarran , are found widely in oceans around the world, including Japan. These three species are further classified by head shape, with the first two having rounded front edges, while the great hammerhead has a straight head. Scalloped hammerheads and white hammerheads can also be distinguished by skin color and the presence or absence of a dent in the center of the front end of their heads (scalloped hammerheads have a brownish body color and a dent in the center of the front end of their heads, while the white hammerhead has a grayish body color and no dent in the center). The scalloped and smooth hammerhead sharks grow to about four metres in length, while the great hammerhead shark grows to about six metres in length.

Hammerhead sharks are considered dangerous sharks, and large species in particular should be treated with caution. The shape of their head is one of the most unique among fish, and the factors behind their origin and evolution are very interesting. On the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List, the scalloped hammerhead shark and the great hammerhead shark are listed as "Critical Endangered" (CR) and the white hammerhead shark as "Vulnerable" (VU) (as of September 2021).

[Kazuhiro Nakatani October 20, 2021]

[Reference] | Shark
Major types of sharks (2) [specimen illustrations]
© Tadaaki Ohkata ">

Major types of sharks (2) [specimen illustrations]


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

軟骨魚綱メジロザメ目の科や属の総称。シュモクザメ科Sphyrnidae(英名hammerhead sharks)は頭部が大きく横に張り出しているのが特徴で、その先端に目や鼻孔がある。和名は、この頭部の形が鐘などを鳴らすときに用いる撞木に似ていることに由来する。2属9種が知られており、おもに頭の形で分類され、その張り出しの程度などで大きく三つのグループに分けられる。頭の横への張り出しがつるはし(岩石や石炭を掘る道具)を連想させるインドシュモクザメ属Eusphyraは、インド洋や南シナ海に分布するインドシュモクザメE. blochii1種のみからなる。それ以外の種はシュモクザメ属Sphyrnaに属し、頭の張り出しが小さいショベル形と、中程度に張り出した金槌(かなづち)形のグループに分けられる。ショベル形のシュモクザメは小形で4種あり、すべてがアメリカ大陸の太平洋および大西洋岸に分布する。金槌形のシュモクザメは大形で4種あり、そのうちアカシュモクザメS. lewini、シロシュモクザメS. zygaena、およびヒラシュモクザメS. mokarranの3種は世界中の海に広く分布し、日本にもこの3種が分布する。これら3種はさらに頭の形で分類され、前2者は頭の前縁が丸みを帯び、ヒラシュモクザメでは直線状である。またアカシュモクザメとシロシュモクザメは皮膚の色や頭部前端中央のへこみの有無で区別できる(アカシュモクザメは体色が茶色味をおび、頭部前端中央にへこみがある。シロシュモクザメは体色が灰色ぎみで、中央にへこみがない)。アカシュモクザメとシロシュモクザメは全長4メートルほどに、ヒラシュモクザメは全長6メートルほどになる。

 シュモクザメ類は危険なサメと考えられているが、とくに大形種は要注意である。頭の形は魚類のなかでももっとも特異なもので、その起源や進化の要因は非常に興味深い。国際自然保護連合(IUCN)のレッド・リストでは、アカシュモクザメとヒラシュモクザメは絶滅危惧(きぐ)種中の「深刻な危機」(CR)に、シロシュモクザメは「危急」(VU)に指定されている(2021年9月時点)。

[仲谷一宏 2021年10月20日]

[参照項目] | サメ
サメのおもな種類(2)〔標本画〕
©大片忠明">

サメのおもな種類(2)〔標本画〕


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Tree worship - Jumokusūhai

>>:  Jumong - Shumou

Aya
Aya
Blog    

Recommend

internal ocular muscle

...On the other hand, the function of dispersing ...

Lottery system - lottery system

…At this time, Hidemune divided 30,000 koku of Yo...

Globodera rostochiensis (English spelling) Globoderarostochiensis

...A general term for nematodes of the Heterodera...

Geometry - kigagaku (English spelling) geometry

Mathematics is broadly divided into algebra, geom...

Constantin Guys

French painter. Born in Flesing, Holland. His exa...

Cantharidin

Its chemical formula is C 1 (/0)H 1 2 O 4 . It is ...

Hon'ami Koetsu

An artist from the Momoyama to early Edo period. ...

Vena contracta

Also called contraction or constriction. When a fl...

"Kaga Province Chronicles" - Kaga no Kuni Chūkōki

...The date of creation and author are unknown. T...

Krebs

German-born British biochemist. He studied at the...

Effe - Effe

…After the 18th century, as Mediterranean trade b...

Karatoji - Karatoji

…Enclosed binding is said to have begun in the ea...

Toyotake Wakadayu - Toyotake Wakadayu

A leading actor in the Gidayu style. [Yoshihiro K...

Golden Gate Bridge - Kinmonkyo

Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge built ac...

Mande-Fu (English spelling)

The second group is the Mande-Fu, represented by ...