One of the most representative forms of faith in medieval Hinduism. It is characterized by absolute, devotional worship and faith based on reverence for God. The teaching that one can attain liberation only by wholeheartedly chanting the name of God arose in South India around the 11th century and spread to North India. Collectively, these sects are called Bhakti sects and their followers are called Bhaktas. Its early representative was Ramanuja, who descended from South Indian Vaishnava sects and whose followers were called Sri Vaishnavas. The Bhakti faith that arose in South India spread to the Bengal region, and in the 12th century Jayadeva wrote the Gita Govinda and popularized the worship of Krishna-Radha. Later, the famous Chaitanya appeared in this sect and gained many followers through hymns singing of love for God. In contrast to this Krishna-Radha faith, the Rama worship started by Ramananda spread mainly in North India. After him, the famous Kabir appeared in North India and developed a unique form of faith in which Islamic and Hindu gods were worshipped simultaneously. His sect was called the Kabir Panth. This lineage later produced Tulsidas, famous for writing the Ramcharitmanas. Along with these Bhakti sects, a distinctive sect was the Maharashtra Bhakti sect, characterized by absolute love and devotion to the indigenous Maratha god Bhithoba, and produced such saints as Jnanadeva, Eknath, Tukaram, and Ramdas. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
中世ヒンドゥー教を代表する信仰形態の一つ。神に対する敬愛による絶対的,献身的な拝礼,信仰を特徴とする。神の名を一心に称えることによってのみ解脱を得ることができるとする教えは,11世紀頃から,まず南インドで興り,北インドにまで及ぶが,これらを総称してバクティ派といい,その信仰者をバクタと呼ぶ。その初期の代表者はラーマーヌジャで,南インドのビシュヌ派の系統をひきその信者はシュリー・バイシュナバ派と呼ばれた。南インドに興ったバクティ信仰はベンガル地方に広がり,12世紀にはジャヤデーバが『ギータ・ゴービンダ』を著わし,クリシュナ=ラーダー崇拝を広めた。その後,この派には有名なチャイタニヤが出現し,神に対する愛を歌った賛歌によって多くの信者を獲得した。このクリシュナ=ラーダー信仰に対して,北インドを中心として広まったのがラーマーナンダによって始められたラーマ崇拝である。彼のあと,北インドには有名なカビールが現れて,イスラムとヒンドゥー教の神をあわせて同時に崇拝する特異な信仰形態を発展させた。彼の教団はカビール・パントと呼ばれた。この系統にはのちに『ラームチャリットマーナス』の著者として有名なトゥルシーダースが出た。これらのバクティ諸派とともに,特徴ある宗派をなしているのがマハラシュトラ・バクティ派で,マラータの土着神ビトーバーに対する絶対的愛と献身を特色とし,ジュニャーナデーバをはじめとして,エークナート,トゥカーラーム,ラームダースなどの聖者を生んだ。
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