The worship of a particular tree or group of trees is considered sacred and is the object of worship. Tree worship has played a major role in the history of religion in Europe. In ancient Germanic societies, there was the worship of "sacred groves," and in ancient Rome, the sacred fig tree of King Romulus (the legendary founder of Rome) was worshiped. The worship of oak trees has existed in the Mediterranean region since ancient times, and the original object of worship of the goddess Athena was the oak, which is said to be associated with the god Zeus and symbolizes power. Oak worship was also popular among the ancient Celts, whose druid priests held religious events in oak groves. One custom that remains today is the Christmas tree, which is said to have originated from this sacred tree worship. In northern Europe, there is also the custom of going into the forest in spring or early summer, cutting down a tree, bringing it back to the village, and setting it up in the square or tying the branches of the tree to each house, known as the "May-pole" or "May-tree." Although the worship of trees associated with Pentecost is also known, the original purpose is not to have the gods descend upon the trees, but to invite anew the life force of the trees and the power of the spirits that reside in the trees. The arrival of May is celebrated with a similar meaning by statues in human form decorated with leaves and flowers, or by real people who embody the power of plants. The idea that trees have magical powers and life force gave rise to the idea of the "Tree of Life," a mystical tree that brings life to the dead, cures illnesses, and restores youth. It is said that in the Garden of Eden, there was a "Tree of Wisdom," which tells of the knowledge of good and evil, as well as this "Tree of Life," and Christian crosses are depicted as a representation of the "Tree of Life." Outside of Europe, trees or their spirits are believed to bring various benefits to people. They are said to have the power to provide rain and sunlight, to make crops grow, to multiply livestock, and to give people children. Various rituals and legends are performed around these things in various places. There are also examples of sacred trees growing at the entrance to or inside villages, and sacred forests near villages that become the home of spirits and gods and the site of religious events. The worship of trees with life and magical powers also explains the idea that there is a mystical connection between trees and people. One expression of the relationship between trees and people is the myth that mankind or a specific group was born from a certain type of tree. One such example is the story of man emerging from a bamboo (such as "The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter"), which has been passed down from Southeast Asia to southern China and further to Japan. The idea of an exchange of life between humans and trees is also expressed in the custom of linking the growth and death of an individual to a specific tree, such as burying the placenta of a newborn baby at the base of a tree. There is also a belief that the dead turn into trees and reside in them. Some tribes believe that these are the spirits of their ancestors, and that they are inhabited by people who have been murdered or died violently. In India, there is a custom of ritually marrying different species of trees to bring about fertility in women. In Southeast Asia, it is customary to place a banana tree in the coffin of a person who dies single to represent their spouse. Behind these customs is an attitude that recognizes the continuity between humans, the culture they have created, and nature, including trees. Trees are believed to have life, souls, and emotions, just like humans. For this reason, it is forbidden to cut down trees or break off branches without reason, and certain rituals, such as sacrifices, are required when cutting down trees. In such cases, large trees, old trees, and trees with special shapes are often the targets. Tree worship is based on such a pan-life view and animistic ideas, but also on the cosmological and symbolic meanings of trees. In Indian folklore, the universe is represented by a huge upside-down tree with its roots buried in the sky and its branches reaching out to the earth. The idea that a large tree stands at the center of the world, connecting the heavens, earth, and underworld, is prominent from Northern Europe to Central Asia, and such world trees are considered to be the support of the world, the cosmic axis, and also a passage between the heavens and the earth. Even without such a cosmological background, the idea that trees are places where gods descend can be found in various parts of the world. [Tamura Katsumi] "Earth, Agriculture, and Woman" by M. Eliade, translated by Ichiro Hori (1968, Miraisha)" ▽ "The Golden Bough" by Fraser, translated by Takusuke Nagahashi, 5 volumes (Iwanami Bunko)" [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
特定の樹木あるいはその集まりを神聖視し、また礼拝の対象とすること。樹木崇拝は、ヨーロッパの宗教史上大きな役割を果たしている。古代ゲルマン人の社会で「聖なる森」の崇拝があり、古代ローマでもロムルス王(伝説的なローマの建国者)の神聖なイチジクの木が崇拝された。地中海地域にはカシの木の崇拝が古くからあり、アテネ女神崇拝も元来の崇拝対象はカシであり、この木はゼウス神とも結び付き、力を象徴するものと伝えられている。カシの木の崇拝は古代ケルト人の間でも盛んで、彼らのドルイド僧団は、宗教行事をカシの森で行った。今日も残る風習として、こうした聖樹崇拝に由来するといわれるクリスマス・ツリーがある。またヨーロッパ北部では、春あるいは初夏に、森に入って木を伐(き)り倒し、それを村へ持ち帰って広場に立てたり、木の枝を各戸に結び付ける、「5月の木」May-pole, May-treeの風習もある。聖霊降臨祭に伴う樹木崇拝も知られるが、樹木に神が降りるというよりは、本来の目的は、樹木のもつ生命力、また樹木に宿る精霊の力を新たに招来するところにある。5月の到来が、人間の形をし、葉や花で装飾された像によって、あるいは植物の力を体現する現実の人間によって祝われるのも、同様の意味をもっている。 木に呪力(じゅりょく)、生命力を認める考え方は、死者に生命をもたらし、病気を治し、若さを回復する神秘の木である「生命の樹」の観念をもたらした。エデンの園には、この「生命の樹」と同時に善悪を知る「知恵の樹」があったと伝えられ、キリスト教の十字架は「生命の樹」の表象として描かれている。 ヨーロッパ以外でも呪力をもつと考えられる木、あるいはその精霊は、人々にさまざまな恩恵をもたらすと思われている。それは、雨や、日の光を与え、また農作物を成長させ、家畜を殖やし、人間に子供を恵む力をもつとされ、これらをめぐって、さまざまな儀礼が行われ、また伝承も各地に存在している。そして、村落の入口や内部に聖なる木が生えており、村落近くに神聖な森があって、そこが精霊や神のすみかとなり、宗教行事の場となる例がある。生命力、呪力をもつ木を崇拝することはまた、樹木と人との間に神秘的なつながりがあるという考えを説明している。樹木と人との関係の表現の一つは、人類あるいは特定の集団が、ある種の樹木から生まれたとする神話である。東南アジアから中国南部、さらに日本に伝わる、竹から人が出現する話(『竹取物語』など)がその一つである。そして、人と樹木との間に生命の交流をみいだす考えも、新生児の胎盤(たいばん)を木の根元に埋めるように、ある個人の成長や死を特定の木に結び付ける風習に表されている。また、死者が木に変わり、また樹木に宿るという信仰もみられる。それを祖先の霊とする民族もあり、殺されたり横死した者が宿るとの考えもある。 インドにおいては、女性に多産の効果をもたらすため、異なる種の木を儀礼的に結婚させる風習がある。独身で死んだ者の棺にバナナの木を入れて配偶者を表すことも、東南アジアにみられる。これらの風習の背景には、人間や人間がつくりあげた文化と、樹木を含む自然とに、連続性を認める態度がある。 木は、人間と同様に生命や霊魂をもち、感情ももつと考えられている。そのため木をむやみに伐ることや枝を折ることが戒められ、伐木の場合にも供犠を行うなどの一定の儀礼を必要とする。この場合、とくに大木や老木、特別な形状の木が対象となるのがしばしばである。樹木崇拝は、こうした汎(はん)生命観やアニミズムの考えに基づくものがあるとともに、樹木の宇宙論的、象徴論的意味にも基づいている。インドの伝承では、根を大空にうずめ、枝を大地に伸ばす逆立ちした巨大な木の形で宇宙を表している。世界の中心に、天と地上と地下を結んで大木が立つという観念は、北ヨーロッパから中央アジアに顕著であり、このような世界樹は世界の支え、宇宙軸であるとともに、天と地との通路とも考えられている。こうした宇宙論的背景をもたないとしても、樹木を神の降臨する場とする考えは世界の各地でみられる。 [田村克己] 『M・エリアーデ著、堀一郎訳『大地・農耕・女性』(1968・未来社)』▽『フレイザー著、永橋卓介訳『金枝篇』全5冊(岩波文庫)』 [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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