Born: July 11, 1888 in Plettenberg
[Died] April 7, 1985. Plettenberg German public law scholar and political scientist. Born to devout Catholic parents, he studied law at the University of Berlin, the University of Munich, and the University of Strasbourg, and received his doctorate in 1915. He taught at the University of Bonn and the University of Cologne, and joined the Nazi Party in 1933, shortly after it came to power, but was later criticized within the party for his opportunistic views. He was a professor at the University of Berlin from 1933 to 1945. After World War II, he was briefly imprisoned for collaborating with the Nazis, but was released in 1950 and returned to academia. He initially adopted a Catholic normative stance, but eventually shifted to decisionism. He rejected the idea of a modern liberal state, based on the political existence of the nation, and asserted the superiority of the state over society, and politics over economy and culture. He also argued that the essence of politics is to distinguish between friends and enemies, that the state decides who the enemy is, and that a nation decides on the type and form of its political entity by creating a constitution. In addition, to overcome the shortcomings of decisionism, he proposed a triple state combining the three elements of state, party, and people, and developed the "theory of concrete order." His complex theory, from decisionism to "concrete order," is summarized in Theorie des Partisanen (1963), Interim Observations on the Concept of the Political. His other works include Politische Romantik (Political Romanticism) (1919), Politische Theologie (Political Theology) (1922), The Spiritual-Historical Status of Modern Parliamentarism (1923), Der Begriff des Politischen (The Concept of the Political) (1927), Legalität und Legitimität (Legality and Legitimacy) (1932), and Der Nomos der Erde (The Nomos of the Earth) (1950). Schmidt
Schmidt, Helmut Born: December 23, 1918 in Hamburg
Died: November 10, 2015. Hamburg. Politician of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) after the breakup of Germany. Chancellor (in office 1974-82). Publisher of the influential weekly newspaper Die Zeit. Served in the military during World War II, and studied economics at the University of Hamburg after being discharged. Joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany in 1946, and worked in the Economics and Transport Department of Hamburg City Hall from 1949 to 1953. Served as a member of the Bundestag from 1953 to 1961, and was re-elected in 1965. Deputy Chairman of the Social Democratic Party in 1968, and played a leading role in forming a grand coalition with the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) in 1969. Served as Minister of Defense in the Willy Brandt cabinet from 1969 to 1972, and Minister of Finance from 1972 to 1974. Became Chancellor in May 1974 after Brandt resigned in disgrace over the Guillaume Affair. In contrast to the idealistic attitude of former Chancellor Brandt, he was popular both within and outside the party as a solid practical man, and as Chancellor he pursued a balanced diplomacy with the two great powers of the United States and the Soviet Union, centering on the alliance between West Germany and France, and deepened relations with the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), making him one of the outstanding leaders of Western Europe. He was re-elected in 1976 and 1980. In 1982, the Free Democratic Party, which was his coalition partner, withdrew from the party and formed a coalition with the CDU, and a motion of constructive no-confidence was passed in parliament, naming CDU leader Helmut Kohl as his successor, and he resigned. He retired from politics in 1987. Schmidt
Schmidt, Karl Ludwig Born: February 5, 1891 in Frankfurt
Died January 10, 1956. German Protestant New Testament scholar in Basel. Lecturer at the University of Berlin (1918), professor at Giessen (1921-25), Jena (1925), and Bonn (1929-33). After serving as a pastor in Switzerland (1933-35), he became professor of New Testament at the University of Basel (1935). After retiring, he became professor emeritus at the same university (1953). Along with M. Dibelius and Bultmann, he was a leading advocate of stylistic historical research. Edited "Theologische Blätter" (1922-37) and "Theologische Zeitschrift" (1945-52). Books "Der Rahmen der Geschichte Jesu" (19), "Die Stellung des Evangeliums in der allgemeinen Literaturgeschichte" (23), "Die Polis in Kirche und Welt" (40), "Die Judenfrage im Licht des Kap. 9-11 des Römer" (43), "Kanonische und "Apokryphische Evangelium und Apostelgeschichten" (44), "Die Verkündigung der Kirche an die Welt" (44). Schmidt
Schmidt, Brian P. Born: February 24, 1967 in Missoula, Montana. Astronomer. Graduated from the University of Arizona in 1989, and received his PhD in astronomy from Harvard University in 1993. After working as a research associate at the Australian National University, he became a Distinguished Professor at the same university in 2010. He holds both American and Australian citizenship. In 1994, while working at the Mount Stromlo Observatory in Australia, he founded the High Redshift Supernova Search Team (HZT) (→ redshift) and began searching for supernovae in the distant future. He calculated the expansion rate of the universe from the observation of Type Ia supernovae, and in 1998 announced that the brightness of 16 supernovae he had observed was fainter than expected, and that the expansion of the universe was accelerating. In the same year, the Supernova Cosmology Project (SCP) at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory also announced similar results. In 2011, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics along with Adam G. Riess, who was involved in the computer analysis of the data, and Saul Perlmutter of SCP, for his discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through the observation of numerous supernovae. (→ General Theory of Relativity, Cosmology) Schmidt
Schmidt, Fritz Born: March 13, 1882 in Warenbrück, Saxony
[Died] February 1, 1950. Oberursel, Hesse. German business economist. Along with E. Schmalenbach and H. Nicklisch, he is one of the leading figures in German business economics before the Second World War. After graduating from high school, he went into business, but later studied at the Leipzig School of Business. In 1914, he became a professor at the University of Frankfurt. His theory is characterized by his view of the objectives of accounting and his theory of valuation. Regarding the objectives of accounting, he took the position that a single accounting organization should be used to calculate profit and loss and assets together, and regarding valuation, he thoroughly adopted the fair value principle and developed a position of maintaining real capital. In addition to his main work, Die organische Tageswertbilanz (3rd edition, 1929), he wrote many papers, but he is best known for "Zeitschrift für Betriebswirtschaft" ("Der Betrieb im Kreislauf der Wirtschaft"〈Vol. 20, 50〉). Schmidt
Schmidt, Isaac Jacob; Jakov Ivanovich Born: 1779, Amsterdam
[Died] 1847
A Russian orientalist and one of the founders of Mongol studies. He emigrated to Russia in 1798, and initially worked in business while learning Kalmyk and Tibetan. In 1812 he moved to St. Petersburg and worked for the Bible Society. He attracted attention with his complete translation of the Bible into Mongolian (published in 1827). In 1827 he obtained a doctorate from Rostock University, and in 1829 he became an assistant professor in the Department of Oriental Studies at St. Petersburg University. He subsequently translated The Origin of Mongolia (Erdeniin Topchi) (29) and The Tale of Geserkhan (39) into German. He gained worldwide fame with his works such as The Mongol-German-Russian Dictionary (Mongolisch-deutsch-russisches Wörterbuch) (35) and The Tibetan-German Dictionary (Tibetisch-deutsches Wörterbuch) (41). He was a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Asiatic Societies in London, Paris, and Calcutta. He became a member of the German Society for Oriental Studies. Schmidt
Schmidt, Wilhelm [Born] February 16, 1868 Holder
Died: February 10, 1954, Freiburg German ethnologist, Catholic priest, and anthropologist. Professor at the University of Vienna and the University of Freiburg. He emphasized the importance of ethnology as a historical science, and attempted to historically systematize the cultures of the world's ethnic groups based on the hypothesis of cultural spheres and cultural layers. He also made outstanding contributions to linguistics, leaving an outstanding mark in the study of the Mon-Khmer language. In 1906, he founded the journal "Anthropos", and contributed to the rise of cultural-historical ethnology. His main work was "Der Ursprung der Gottesidee" (1912-55), co-authored with W. Koppers, "Völker und Kulturen" (24), and "Die Sprachfamilien und Sprachenkreise der Erde" (26), which includes 14 maps of the world's languages showing grammatical features such as grammaticality and numeral systems. Schmidt
Schmidt, Kurt Diertrich Born: October 25, 1896 in Utred
[Died] July 27, 1964.
German Protestant church historian. Lecturer at the University of Göttingen (1924), professor at the University of Kiel (29-35), joined the Confessing Church in the German Church Militant and was dismissed. He became a theology teacher at the missionary training school in Hermannsburg (36), and after World War II became a professor at the University of Hamburg (52). He is known for his research on the Christianization of the Germanic peoples, the Protestant Reformation, the Council of Trent, etc. His main works are "Die Bekehrung der Germanen zum Christentum" (36), "Germanischer Glaube und Christentum" (48), "Grundriss zur Kirchengeschichite" (49), and "Gesammelte Aufsätze" (67). Schmidt
Schmid, Joseph Born January 26, 1893 in Holzhausen
Died: September 4, 1975. Munich. German New Testament scholar and Catholic priest. Professor at the Danube Theological Seminary in Dillingen (1945) and Professor of New Testament Exegesis at the University of Munich (51). In addition to his writing, he worked to train the next generation of scholars and contributed to the renewal and development of modern German Catholic biblical studies. His main works include Matthäus und Lukas (30), Markus und aramäische Matthäus (53), and Studien zur Geschichte des griechischen Apokalypsetextes (3 volumes, 55-56). His other works include a commentary on the Synoptic Gospels and an Introduction to the New Testament. Schmidt
Schmidt, Bernhard Voldemar Born: March 30, 1879, Neisser, Estonia
Died December 1, 1935. German optical engineer in Hamburg. He worked as a telegrapher, photographer, and designer until 1898, but in 1901 he entered the industrial school in Mitwyda, Germany, where he opened an optical machinery factory and an astronomical observatory after graduating. He was invited to work at the Hamburg Observatory in 1926, and in 1930 invented the Schmidt camera. With its wide angle and extremely small aberration, it led to a dramatic improvement in astronomical observation technology. The Palomar Observatory in California is equipped with a 48-inch (about 122 cm) Schmidt telescope. Schmidt
Schmid, Karl Christian Erhard Born: April 24, 1761 in Heilsberg
German philosopher. Professor at the universities of Giessen (1791) and Jena (1793). A follower of Kant's philosophy, he wrote Kritik der reinen Vernunft im Grundrisse zu Vorlesungen (1786) and Wörterbuch zum leichteren Gebrauch der kantischen Philosophie (88). Schmidt
Schmitt, Florent Born: September 28, 1870, Meurthe-et-Moselle, Bramont
[Died] August 17, 1958, Neuilly-sur-Seine. French composer. Studied under G. Fauré and J. Massenet at the Paris Conservatory, won the Prix de Rome in 1900, and studied in Italy. Stayed in Germany, Austria, and Turkey before returning to Japan. Served as director of the Lyon Conservatory from 1921 to 1924. He composed large-scale pieces that combined the style of German Romanticism with the brilliance of E. Chabrier and the color sense of Debussy. His most famous work is "The Tragedy of Salome." Schmidt
Schmidt, Arno Born: January 18, 1914, Hamburg
[Died] June 3, 1979, Celle. West German author. He was a prisoner of war during World War II and began writing after the war. He was a kind of avant-garde writer, and from Leviathan (1949) to Zettels Traum (1970), he produced unique prose works in a realistic yet romantic style. He is famous for sprinkling his works with "mysteries" that he took inspiration from ancient and modern documents. Schmidt
Schmidt, Franz Born: 22 December 1874 in Pressburg
[Died] February 11, 1939. Austrian composer from Perchtoldsdorf near Vienna. He studied under Hermesberger in Vienna from 1880. In 1896 he became a cellist in the Vienna Court Opera Orchestra, and later a professor of cello and piano at the Vienna Conservatory, serving as its director from 1925 to 1927. His major works include four symphonies, a string quartet, organ pieces, and an oratorio. Schmidt
Schmidt, Johannes Born: July 29, 1843, Prenzlauer
[Died] July 4, 1901. Berlin. German linguist. Studied under A. Schleicher, but proposed the linguistic wave theory in opposition to Schleicher's linguistic tree theory. His main work was Die Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der indogermanischen Sprachen (1872), The Relationships of Indo-European Languages. Schmidt
Schmidt, Friedrich, Freiherr von [Born] 1825
[Died] 1891
Austrian architect. Trained in Stuttgart and later worked in Vienna. As assistant to E. Zwirner, he worked on the restoration of Cologne Cathedral. He also designed the Fünfhaus Cathedral (1868-75). His representative work is the Vienna City Hall (1872-83), and he was a leader of the Gothic Revival in Vienna. Schmidt
Schmidt, Julian [Born] 1818
[Died] 1886
German journalist and literary historian. His works include Geschichte der deutschen Literatur (History of German Literature) (5 volumes, 1886-96). Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
