Andesite - Andesite (English spelling)

Japanese: 安山岩 - あんざんがん(英語表記)andesite
Andesite - Andesite (English spelling)

It is usually a phenocryst-like volcanic rock composed of neutral plagioclase, clinopyroxene (augmented pyroxene, pigeonite), orthopyroxene (perilla), hornblende, biotite, and magnetite. It may also contain olivine, garnet, quartz, and cordierite. It is a dark gray, gray to light red, or variegated volcanic rock commonly found in orogenic belts, and is a representative volcanic facies of calc-alkaline rocks. It is the most common volcanic rock in Japan. Its color index is 35 to 10. It was named by the German scientist Buch in the early 19th century for volcanic rocks in the Andes Mountains in South America. The Japanese name Fujiiwa was given to it by Koto Bunjiro in 1868 (Meiji 1), but the Geological Survey of Japan used the translation andesite, which later became the common name. The groundmass may be glassy, ​​but contains the same minerals as the phenocrysts, as well as anorthoclase, tridymite, and cristobalite. To further subdivide and describe andesite, the mafic minerals of the phenocrysts are called augite andesite, pigeonite andesite, hypersthene andesite, bronze andesite, augite-hypersthene andesite (double-pyroxene andesite), amphibole andesite, biotite andesite, and garnet andesite. The rock's properties are intermediate between those of basalt and dacite (dacite).

This rock is distributed widely in the Pacific Rim, including the Japanese archipelago, the Aleutian Islands, the Rocky Mountains, and the Andes, as well as in other old and new orogenic belts, but in the Pacific and Atlantic regions, only alkaline trachyandesite-like rocks are distributed, and typical calc-alkaline andesite is not distributed in areas of oceanic crust. The boundary of andesite distribution proposed by Marshall P. Marshall of New Zealand in 1912 is called the Andesite Line.

The origin of andesite magma is thought to be (1) the generation of primary andesitic parent magma in the mantle, (2) differentiation from basaltic magma, (3) mixing of basaltic magma with crustal materials, and (4) melting of crustal materials, and has been studied from various angles, including major element, trace element, isotope, and high-temperature and high-pressure synthesis experiments, but a complete solution has not yet been reached. It is also possible that almost the same andesite is formed through several different processes.

Andesite is the most widely distributed volcanic rock in Japan, and is often used as a stone material because it is highly fire-resistant, easy to quarry due to well-developed joints, and many beautiful stones are available. Examples include Shinkomatsu stone from Manazuru Town, Kanagawa Prefecture, Teppei stone from Nagano Prefecture, Kuromikage stone from Ishiki Town, Kagoshima City, Odorless stone from Sakaide City, Kagawa Prefecture, Nebukawa stone from Odawara City, Kanagawa Prefecture, and Sukagawa stone from Sukagawa City, Fukushima Prefecture.

[Toshihiko Yajima]

Andesite
Produced in Hakone Pass, Kanagawa Prefecture ©Shogakukan

Andesite


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

通常、斑晶(はんしょう)質で、中性の斜長石、単斜輝石(普通輝石、ピジョン輝石)、斜方輝石(紫蘇(しそ)輝石)、普通角閃(かくせん)石、黒雲母(うんも)、磁鉄鉱などからなる火山岩。そのほか、橄欖(かんらん)石、ざくろ石、石英、菫青(きんせい)石などを含むこともある。造山帯に多く分布する暗灰色、灰色ないし淡赤色、雑色などの火山岩で、カルク・アルカリ岩系の火山岩相の代表。日本ではもっとも多く分布する火山岩である。色指数35~10。19世紀初頭ドイツのブッフにより南アメリカのアンデス山脈山中の火山岩に対して命名された。日本名は1868年(明治1)小藤(ことう)文治郎により富士岩とされたが、地質調査所では安山岩の訳を用い、のちにこれが一般的となった。石基はガラス質のこともあるが、斑晶とほぼ同じ鉱物のほか、アノーソクレース、鱗珪(りんけい)石、クリストバル石などを含む。安山岩をさらに細分、記述するのには斑晶の苦鉄(くてつ)質鉱物を用いて、普通輝石安山岩、ピジョン輝石安山岩、紫蘇輝石安山岩、古銅輝石安山岩、普通輝石・紫蘇輝石安山岩(両輝石安山岩)、角閃石安山岩、黒雲母安山岩、ざくろ石安山岩などとよぶ。岩石の性質としては玄武岩と石英安山岩(デイサイト)の中間の性質をもつ。

 この岩石は、日本列島、アリューシャン列島、ロッキー山脈、アンデス山脈をはじめとして広く環太平洋地域や、他の新旧の造山帯に分布するが、太平洋地域や大西洋地域には、アルカリ質の粗面安山岩のようなものしか分布しておらず、典型的なカルク・アルカリ岩系の安山岩は海洋性地殻の地域には分布しない。1912年にニュージーランドのマーシャルP. Marshallが提案した安山岩分布の境界線を安山岩線とよぶ。

 安山岩マグマの成因としては、(1)マントル内での初生的な安山岩質本源マグマの発生、(2)玄武岩質マグマからの分化、(3)玄武岩質マグマと地殻物質の混成、(4)地殻物質の融解などが考えられており、主成分元素、微量元素、同位体、高温高圧合成実験などの各方面から研究されているが、まだ完全な解決には至っていない。いくつかの異なった過程を経て、ほぼ同質の安山岩の形成される可能性も考えられる。

 日本の火山岩中もっとも分布の広いのはこの安山岩で、これは耐火性も強く、発達した節理のため採石しやすく、また美しいものも多いので石材として利用されることが多い。神奈川県真鶴(まなづる)町の新小松石、長野県下の鉄平石(てっぺいせき)、鹿児島市伊敷町の黒御影(くろみかげ)、香川県坂出(さかいで)市のかんかん石、神奈川県小田原市の根府川石(ねぶかわいし)、福島県須賀川市の須賀川石などがある。

[矢島敏彦]

安山岩
神奈川県 箱根峠産©Shogakukan">

安山岩


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