Anshan

A prefecture-level city in the central Liaoning Province in northeastern China, it is a mining and industrial city. It is the largest steel-producing city in China. It has a permanent population of 3,503,584 (2012). It is located along the Harbin-Dalian Line and governs four city districts, Tiedong, Tiexi, Lishan, and Qianshan, as well as Xiuyan Manchu Autonomous County and Tai'an County, and acts as the administrative agent for Haicheng City (as of 2016). It was incorporated as a city in 1937. There are iron mines in the suburbs of the city, such as Gongchangling (Liaoyang City), Dagushan, Qidashan, Dongshan, and Ganqian Mountain, and other raw material sources necessary for steelmaking, such as coal in Fushun and Benxi, and manganese in Jinxi and Chaoyang, are also relatively close by. However, the iron ore is classified as poor quality (low-grade ore).

Iron ore mining and steelmaking in Anshan are said to have begun in the Warring States period (5th to 3rd century BC), and was said to have been extremely active during the Liao dynasty from the mid-10th century to the first half of the 12th century, but declined after the Ming dynasty, especially during the Qing dynasty. In the 20th century, Japan took notice of this resource, and built the Anshan Iron and Steel Works (now the Anshan Iron and Steel Group) in 1918 (Taisho 7) as part of its invasion of northeastern China (Manchuria). After Japan's defeat in 1945, the area fell into ruin under the rule of the Kuomintang, but was rapidly restored and expanded after the establishment of the People's Republic of China.

In addition to steel, there are also machinery and building material industries, but the industrial structure remains centered on steel. In terms of production volume, Anshan Iron and Steel Group is fourth in China and seventh in the world (2015). Qianshan District is home to Anshan Teng'ao Airport, which is connected to Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou by direct flights.

[Michihiro Kono, Editorial Department, April 18, 2017]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国東北部、遼寧(りょうねい)省中部の地級市で、鉱工業都市。中国最大の製鉄の町である。常住人口350万3584（2012）。哈大(はだい)線（ハルビン―大連(だいれん)）に沿い、鉄東(てつとう)、鉄西(てつせい)、立山(りつざん)、千山(せんざん)区の4市轄区と、岫岩(しゅうがん)満洲(まんしゅう)族自治県、台安(たいあん)県を管轄し、海城(かいじょう)市の管轄代行を行う（2016年時点）。1937年市制施行。市街地近郊に弓長嶺(きゅうちょうれい)（遼陽(りょうよう)市）、大孤山、斉大山、東鞍山、眼前山などの鉄山があり、また撫順(ぶじゅん)、本渓(ほんけい)の石炭、錦西(きんせい)、朝陽(ちょうよう)のマンガンなど製鉄に必要な他の原料産地も比較的近い。ただし、鉄鉱石としては貧鉱（低品位鉱）に属する。

　鞍山の鉄鉱石の採掘と製鉄は、戦国時代（前5～前3世紀）に始まるとされ、10世紀中葉から12世紀前半の遼代に非常に盛んであったといわれるが、明(みん)代以降、とくに清(しん)代には衰微していた。20世紀に入り、日本がこの資源に着目し、1918年（大正7）東北（満州）侵略の一環として鞍山製鉄所（現、鞍山鋼鉄集団）を建設した。1945年日本の敗北後、国民党の統治下で荒廃したが、中華人民共和国成立後急速に復興し拡張が行われた。

　製鉄のほか、機械、建築材料工業もあるが、製鉄中心の産業構造であることに変わりはない。生産量の点では鞍山鋼鉄集団は国内4位、世界7位（2015）である。千山区には鞍山騰鰲(とうごう)空港があり、北京(ペキン)、上海(シャンハイ)、広州(こうしゅう)と直行便で結ばれている。

［河野通博・編集部　2017年4月18日］

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