Contribution of money, other assets, labor, and credit as funds necessary for a corporation or association to operate a business. This term is used legally for various companies, anonymous associations, civil law associations, cooperatives, etc., but the payment of shares (equity capital) in a joint-stock company is also nothing but investment. In addition to asset contributions of money and other assets, there are labor contributions and credit contributions. Labor contributions and credit contributions are considered to be permitted in general partnerships and limited partnerships that have unlimited liability partners. However, in joint-stock companies and limited liability companies that only have limited liability partners, there is room for debate as to whether labor contributions and credit contributions are permissible, depending on whether contributed assets should be limited to those that can be objectively evaluated. The obligation to contribute is a natural obligation of a member or associate, since it is associated with the qualification of being a member or associate. In some cases, the fulfillment of the investment is a requirement for acquiring member status. For example, a series of procedures related to the fulfillment of capital contributions, such as paying for shares and making contributions in kind, must be completed before the company can be registered and established, and therefore shareholder status cannot be acquired. Contribution of property is not necessarily limited to monetary contributions, and contributions of property other than money (contribution in kind) are also permitted. However, if this were permitted without limit, there would be a risk that the property contributed in kind would be overvalued and excessive shares would be awarded, which would undermine the enhancement of capital. Therefore, in the case of a joint-stock company, those who can make contributions in kind at the time of incorporation are limited to promoters, and strict regulations are imposed as irregular incorporation matters (Articles 28 and 33 of the Companies Act). [Shuzo Toda and Norihiko Fukuhara] [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
法人や組合が事業を営むために必要な資金として、金銭その他の財産、労務、信用を出捐(しゅつえん)すること。各種の会社、匿名(とくめい)組合、民法上の組合、協同組合などについて、法律上この用語が使われているが、株式会社における株式(自己資本)の払込みも出資にほかならない。出資には、金銭その他の財産による財産出資のほか、労務出資と信用出資がある。労務出資と信用出資は、無限責任社員が存在する合名会社・合資会社では認められると解されている。しかし、有限責任社員しか存在しない株式会社・合同会社においては、出資財産は客観的評価可能なものに限定すべきであるか否かにより、労務出資・信用出資の許否につき議論の余地がある。出資義務は、社員や組合員という資格に随伴するものであるから、出資は社員や組合員としての当然の義務である。なお、出資の履行が社員資格取得の要件となっている場合もある。たとえば、株式の払込み、現物出資の給付など、出資の履行に関する一連の手続を経なければ設立登記ができず、会社が成立しないから、株主資格の取得ということはないからである。 財産出資はかならずしも金銭による出資に限られるものではなく、金銭以外の財産をもってする出資(現物出資)も認められる。しかし、これを無制限に認めると、現物出資された財産を過大評価して過当な株式を付与し、資本の充実を害するおそれがあるので、株式会社については設立に際し現物出資をなしうる者を発起人に限るとともに、変態設立事項として厳格な規制を加えている(会社法28条、33条)。 [戸田修三・福原紀彦] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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