Carpal tunnel syndrome (English spelling)

Japanese: 手根管症候群 - しゅこんかんしょうこうぐん(英語表記)Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Carpal tunnel syndrome (English spelling)
[What kind of disease is it?]
Median nerve disorder occurs when the median nerve, which runs from the arm to the finger, is compressed in a tunnel (carpal tunnel) made up of the bones of the hand (carpal bones) and the transverse carpal ligament on the palm side of the wrist.
This is a typical example of entrapment neuropathy, with 40% of cases occurring in both hands.
It is more common in women than men, with a ratio of 10 to 1, and is particularly prevalent in middle-aged women around the time of menopause. It can also develop during pregnancy or after childbirth.
[Symptoms]
Numbness, tingling, and burning pain appear on the thumb side of the palm from the thumb to the ring finger. The numbness and pain may be so severe at night that you cannot sleep, or when you wake up early in the morning.
As the condition progresses further, the muscles on the thumb side of the palm atrophy and lose volume, making it impossible to grasp objects with the thumb and little finger.
[Cause]
The exact cause is unknown, but since it occurs more frequently in middle-aged women, hormonal factors are thought to be a factor.
Other examples include rheumatoid or other conditions such as flexor tenosynovitis (inflammation of the membrane around the tendon of the muscle that bends the wrist) and strangulation due to deformation after a distal radius fracture (fracture of the bone on the thumb side of the forearm near the wrist).
Recently there has been an increase in cases of carpal tunnel syndrome in people undergoing dialysis. The syndrome is caused by flexor tenosynovitis due to the deposition of a substance called amyloid.
It seems that the disease often occurs when these causes are combined with overuse of the hands.
[Testing and diagnosis]
Carpal tunnel syndrome is suspected if the numbness worsens when performing a palmar flexion test, in which the wrist is strongly bent toward the palm, or if pain or numbness occurs in the thumb, index finger, and middle finger when the palm side of the wrist is tapped.
Auxiliary diagnostic methods include MRI, ultrasound, and electrophysiological testing. MRI and ultrasound can determine the state of compression of the median nerve and the presence or absence of a tumor. Electrophysiological testing can determine the area where the nerve is compressed.
[Treatment]
Patients are encouraged to avoid using their hands as much as possible and to keep them still by using a brace to immobilize the wrist. In addition, patients are prescribed oral anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs and vitamin supplements, and are given adrenal cortical hormone injections around the median nerve.
These treatments usually relieve symptoms, but sometimes surgery may be necessary.
The surgery can be performed on an outpatient basis or with a hospital stay of about one week. Anesthesia is administered using an axillary nerve block under the armpit, or local anesthesia.
The surgery involves making an approximately 7cm incision on the palm side of the wrist and severing the transverse carpal ligament that is compressing the median nerve, but recently it has become possible to perform the surgery with the use of an arthroscope, with only an incision of about 1cm.
After surgery, the numbness in your fingers will subside quickly and you will be able to use your hand again, but it often takes a long time (more than a year) for your muscle strength to recover.

Source: Shogakukan Home Medical Library Information

Japanese:
[どんな病気か]
 腕から手先に伸びる正中神経(せいちゅうしんけい)が、手首の手のひら側で、手の骨(手根骨(しゅこんこつ))と横手根靱帯(おうしゅこんじんたい)からなるトンネル(手根管(しゅこんかん))の中で絞扼(こうやく)(圧迫)されるためにおこる正中神経障害(せいちゅうしんけいしょうがい)です。
 絞扼性神経障害の代表的な病気で、全体の40%は両手におこります。
 10対1の割合で女性が多く、とくに閉経期(へいけいき)前後の中年女性によくおこります。妊娠中や出産後に発病することもあります。
[症状]
 手のひらの親指側、親指から薬指にかけてのしびれ感、ピリピリ、ヒリヒリした痛みが現われます。しびれと痛みは、夜間に強くて眠れなかったり、早朝の起床時に強いことがあります。
 さらに進行すると、手のひらの親指側の筋肉が萎縮(いしゅく)して、ふくらみがなくなり、親指と小指を使って物をつかむことができなくなります。
[原因]
 はっきりした原因は不明ですが、中年女性に多くおこることから、ホルモンの影響が考えられています。
 その他、リウマチ性などによる屈筋腱滑膜炎(くっきんけんかつまくえん)(手首を曲げる筋肉の腱周囲の膜の炎症)や橈骨遠位端骨折(とうこつえんいたんこっせつ)(前腕の親指側にある骨の手首近くの骨折)後の変形による絞扼があります。
 最近増加しているのが、人工透析(じんこうとうせき)をしている人の手根管症候群で、アミロイドという物質の沈着によっておこる屈筋腱滑膜炎が原因です。
 これらの原因に、手の使いすぎが加わると発病することが多いようです。
[検査と診断]
 手首を手のひら側に強く曲げる手関節掌屈試験(しゅかんせつしょうくつしけん)でしびれが強くなったり、手首の手のひら側をたたいたとき、親指、人指し指、中指に痛みやしびれが走れば、手根管症候群を疑います。
 補助的な診断法として、MRI、超音波検査、電気生理学的検査があります。MRI、超音波検査では、正中神経の圧迫の状態や腫瘍(しゅよう)の有無がわかります。電気生理学的検査では、神経が圧迫されている部位がわかります。
[治療]
 手をできるだけ使わないようにし、安静を保つために装具で手首を固定したりします。また、消炎鎮痛薬やビタミン剤の内服、正中神経の周囲への副腎皮質(ふくじんひしつ)ホルモン薬の注射なども行なわれます。
 こうした治療で、たいていは症状が軽くなりますが、ときには手術が必要となる場合もあります。
 手術は、外来あるいは約1週間の入院でできます。麻酔は、わきの下の腋窩神経(えきかしんけい)ブロック、または局所麻酔が行なわれます。
 手首の手のひら側を約7cm切り開き、正中神経を絞扼している横手根靱帯を切り離す手術が行なわれますが、最近では、関節鏡を用いて約1cm切開するだけで手術が可能になっています。
 手術後、指のしびれはすぐに軽くなり、手が使えるようになりますが、筋力の回復には長期間(1年以上)かかることが多いようです。

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