Judo

Japanese: 柔道 - じゅうどう

Judo is a type of martial art that focuses on unarmed attack and defense. Its founder, Jigoro Kano, said that practice is a way to train the mind and body and use that strength most effectively, and also a way to develop one's character.

[Yoshinori Takeuchi and Naoki Murata, January 21, 2019]

History

Judo was founded in 1882 (Meiji 15), but its technical origins can be traced back to ancient Japanese unarmed combat, such as strength contests and sumo. During the Nara and Heian periods, Sechie sumo was held to encourage martial arts, but it eventually developed into a combat technique used by samurai on the battlefield. From around the 16th century, these combat techniques were further developed, and techniques for capture and killing were researched and devised. Judoists invented brilliant techniques, organized and systematized these techniques, and taught them to their disciples, and each school came to be called a school. At first, it was called grappling, yoroi grappling, kogusoku, torite, tsuribaku, koshi no mawari, hakuda, kenpo, yawara, wajutsu, jujutsu, taijutsu, etc., but in time, these techniques of attacking and defending with bare hands or a short weapon against an opponent who is bare-handed or armed came to be generally called jujutsu. During the Edo period, it developed further and was trained as one of the martial arts of the samurai, flourishing, and many masters and experts were produced.

The main schools of jujutsu include Takeuchi-ryu, Tsutsumi-hosan-ryu, Araki-ryu, Sekiguchi-ryu, Shibukawa-ryu, Seigo-ryu, Fukuno-ryu, Miura-ryu, Yoshin-ryu, Kyushin-ryu, Jikishin-ryu, Kitouryu, Shinnoshinto-ryu, and Tenjinshinyo-ryu. With the influx of foreign culture in the Meiji era, there was a trend of little regard for native culture, and jujutsu, along with swordsmanship, fell into disuse. It was the achievements of Kano Jigoro that led to the development of judo as we see it today. Kano had been searching for a teacher of judo since he was a child, hoping to improve his physique. In 1877, his wish came true, and he became a disciple of Fukuda Hachinosuke (1828-1879) of the Tenjin Shinyo-ryu school, and studied under him. He then studied under Iso Masatomo (?-1881) of the same school, and the Kito-ryu school under Iikubo Tsunetoshi (?-1888). He studied other schools as well, and discovered their enormous effect on the mind and body. He believed that judo was an essential part of the education of young people, and in 1882, he founded the Kodokan Judo School at Eishoji Temple in Kitainari-cho, Shitaya, Tokyo. He established the three objectives of judo: physical education, competition, and self-discipline, and he also adopted new teaching methods, working hard to research and popularize education through judo.

Judo techniques took the advantages of the Tenjin Shinyo-ryu's pinning techniques and the Atemi techniques, and the Kito-ryu's throwing techniques, and also incorporated the advantages of other schools, adding his own original ideas, and by around 1887, he had almost completed his technical system. In 1895, 42 techniques in the Gokyo, which were the guidelines for teaching throwing techniques, were established. The throwing division, which overwhelmed the Koryu, made great strides thanks to the Kodokan's policy of emphasizing throwing techniques, the establishment of basic movements such as Shizentai, the development of new techniques based on academic theory, the realization of light and flexible randori, the establishment of training methods that combined randori and kata, the establishment of match refereeing regulations, and the improvement of judo uniforms. The Gokyo techniques were revised in 1920 (Taisho 9), making 8 techniques each from the first to the fifth teachings, for a total of 40 techniques. Although pinning techniques were not sufficient at first, they were greatly improved and developed in matches held at national technical colleges during the Taisho era. Atemi techniques were practiced using kata, but excellent old-style atemi were included in the kata established by the Kodokan. A few years after the founding of judo, 13 kata for serious matches were created, and in 1907 (Meiji 40), 20 kime kata were established. Later, national physical education for the good use of energy, women's self-defense methods, and Kodokan self-defense techniques were devised. Other kata include nage kata, katame kata, jyu kata, go kata, ittsu kata, and koshiki kata.

The ideological development of Judo started from the theory of Ju as a theory of victory and was thought to be applicable to all aspects of human life. However, subsequent research led to the principle that Judo is a way to use the power of the mind and body most effectively. Kano came to this principle in the early Taisho period and explained it as follows: "Judo is a way to use the power of the mind and body most effectively. Its training is to train and cultivate the body and mind through the practice of attack and defense, and to master the essence of this way. The ultimate goal of Judo training is to perfect oneself and benefit the world." This idea was called "the good use of one's energy." Furthermore, social and ethical considerations were added to this good use of one's energy, and the spirit of "mutual prosperity" was emphasized. Today, the ultimate goal of all Judo practitioners is these two great guideposts: the good use of one's energy and mutual prosperity. Judo, which is based on these techniques and principles, has been recognized for its educational value and has spread and developed not only throughout Japan but also widely overseas.

Judo is one of the subjects at the police academy. Volunteer training began at Gakushuin in 1883 (Meiji 16), and at Imperial University in 1887. After that, judo clubs were established at various schools and became popular. As a regular physical education subject, judo was first introduced as a subject for boys at normal schools and junior high schools in 1911 (Meiji 44), and became a compulsory subject in the regular physical education curriculum in 1931 (Showa 6). It was later imposed on boys in the fifth grade and above of elementary school, making it an important subject. After World War II, judo was banned in schools, but was eventually lifted. Since April 2012 (Heisei 24), judo has been included as one of the compulsory subjects in health and physical education at junior high schools, called "martial arts."

The All Japan Judo Federation was formed in 1949, followed by the All Japan Student Judo Federation and the High School Athletic Federation Judo Club, which hold various national tournaments. Judo enthusiasm also grew overseas in Europe, and the European Judo Union (EJU) was formed in 1948. The International Judo Federation (IJF) was then formed in 1951, mainly in Europe, and Japan joined the following year in 1952, giving it a full-fledged structure. Since then, many international tournaments have been held, including the World Championships. Judo has been an official event since the Tokyo Olympics in 1964. Women's judo has also been an official Olympic event since 1992.

[Yoshinori Takeuchi and Naoki Murata, January 21, 2019]

Judo Techniques

It consists of three categories: throwing techniques, pinning techniques, and striking techniques. Below is an explanation of the main techniques.

[Yoshinori Takeuchi and Naoki Murata, January 21, 2019]

Throwing Techniques

There are two types of throwing techniques: standing throws, in which the thrower remains standing, and throwing techniques, in which the thrower throws the opponent while leaning forward.

Standing techniques can be divided into three categories, primarily based on the part of the body where the force is applied: (1) hand techniques, (2) hip techniques, and (3) foot techniques.

[1] Procedure
(1) Seoi nage: A technique in which the opponent is thrown forward while being thrown forward in the front or in the front corner. There are two types of seoi nage: Morote seoi nage, where the opponent is thrown while holding the front collar, and Ippon seoi nage, where the opponent is thrown without holding the collar and by holding either arm.

(2) Tai Otoshi: A technique in which the opponent is pushed towards the front corner, one foot is stepped forward to stop the opponent's movement, and the upper body is pulled down to throw the opponent.

(3) Shoulder Carry: A technique in which the wrestler throws his opponent into the front corner, lifts him onto both shoulders, and pulls his body down to throw him.

[2] Hip techniques
(1) Ogoshi: A technique in which you throw your opponent forward by thrusting your hips deep into your opponent's back hips, then use that point as a fulcrum to rotate your opponent forward and throw him.

(2) Tsurikomi-goshi: A technique in which you lift your opponent up in the front or in the front corner, break him down, support his front thigh with your back hip, and spin him around that point as an axis to throw him. If you grab his sleeve and pull him down, it becomes Sode-tsurikomi-goshi.

(3) Uki-Goshi: A throwing technique in which you catch the moment when your opponent, who has been pushed into the front corner, jumps onto your waist, then twist your waist to throw him.

(4) Harai-goshi: A technique in which the wrestler pushes his opponent to the front corner, places him on his waist, and then uses the back of his leg to sweep his opponent up from the front and throw him.

(5) Hanegoshi: A technique in which an opponent is thrown into the front corner, and then the opponent is placed against the body, and thrown upwards using the legs and hips. If the opponent is rolled up, it becomes a Hanegoshi.

(6) Ushiro Koshi: A technique in which the opponent is picked up from behind and thrown by pulling them straight down.

[3] Footwork
(1) Hizaguruma: A throwing technique in which the opponent is pushed into the front corner and his knee is supported by the sole of the foot.

(2) Supporting Tsurikomi Ashi: A throwing technique in which you support your opponent's ankle with the sole of your foot while pushing him towards the front corner.

(3) Ouchi-gari: A technique in which the opponent is pushed into the back corner and then taken down by cutting the opponent's leg from the inside with one leg.

(4) O-soto-gari: A technique in which the opponent is pushed into the back corner and one leg is used to sweep one of the opponent's legs from the outside, taking them down.

(5) Kouchigari: A technique in which the opponent is pushed into the back corner and then taken down by grabbing the inside of his heel with one foot.

(6) Kosotogake: A technique in which the opponent is pushed into the back corner and then taken down by using one foot to slip up and catch the opponent's heel on the same side from behind.

(7) Deashi Barai: A technique in which you knock down your opponent by sweeping his foot just as he is about to touch the tatami mat.

(8) Okuri Ashi Barai: A technique in which you knock your opponent down by pushing him to the side with your foot in the direction he is moving.

(9) Uchimata: A technique in which the opponent is pushed into the front corner and the back thigh is used to sweep up the inner thigh of the opponent from the inside and throw him.

There are two types of sacrifice techniques: true sacrifice techniques and yoko sacrifice techniques, which differ in how the body is abandoned. There are five true sacrifice techniques, including Tomoe Nage, Sumi Gaeshi, and Hikikomi Gaeshi. Tomoe Nage is a technique in which the opponent is thrown forward and the body is thrown on the back, the feet are placed on the opponent's lower abdomen, and both hands are pulled back to throw the opponent over the head. There are 15 yoko sacrifice techniques, including Uki Waza, Yoko Otoshi, and Tani Otoshi. Uki Waza is a technique in which the opponent is thrown in the front corner, the legs are opened, the body is pulled back, and the body is thrown sideways to throw the opponent.

[Yoshinori Takeuchi and Naoki Murata, January 21, 2019]

Hold technique

These techniques involve pinning down the opponent's body so that he cannot get up, strangling the opponent's neck, or stretching, bending, and twisting the opponent's joints to control him. They are divided into (1) pinning techniques, (2) choking techniques, and (3) joint locks.

[1] Hold-down techniques
(1) Kesagatame (shoulder-grip hold) This is a technique in which the opponent is turned on his back, the wrestler turns to one side and grabs his neck, controlling one arm and pinning him down in a kesagatame position.

(2) Shoulder Lock: A technique in which the opponent is lying on his back and one of the hands is placed around his neck and one arm, pinning him down with the other arm and head.

(3) Kamishiho-gatame: A technique in which you lie face down on top of your opponent's head, grab his horizontal belt and hold down his upper arms and upper body.

(4) Yokoshiho-gatame: A technique in which the wrestler lies face down on one side of the opponent's body, pinning him down at almost a right angle to his body.

(5) Tateshiho-gatame: A technique in which the opponent is turned onto his back, straddled, and pinned down while lying face down.

[2] Chokehold
(1) Juji-choke: A technique in which you cross your hands in front of your opponent and grab both of his collars to strangle him. If you hold both of your opponent's collars with your palms facing forward and your thumbs on the outside of the collar, it is called a reverse juji-choke, if you put both thumbs on the inside it is called a normal juji-choke, and if you put the thumb of one hand on the outside it is called a kata-juji-choke.

(2) Okuri-ebi-me: A technique in which the wrestler positions himself behind his opponent, places one hand over his shoulder and the other under his armpit, grasps both collars, and pulls them together to choke the opponent.

(3) Naked Choke: A technique in which the opponent is held behind with the thumb side of his forearm against the front of his throat, and both hands are placed together on his shoulders, pulling him towards the opponent and choking him.

[3] Joint techniques
(1) Ude Garami: A technique in which you grab the opponent's wrist, bend his arm, clasp both hands, and twist the opponent's elbow joint using the principle of leverage to complete the technique. There are two ways to do this: bending the arm toward the shoulder or toward the belt.

(2) Armbar: Simply called the cross armbar, this technique is performed by positioning yourself next to your opponent, pinning his upper arm between your thighs, and pulling both of your hands back to extend your elbows.

(3) Arm Lock: This is also called Arm Lock. It is a technique in which the opponent's wrist is placed on the shoulder and both hands are used to hold down the upper part of the elbow joint.

[Yoshinori Takeuchi and Naoki Murata, January 21, 2019]

Counterattack

These techniques involve stabbing, hitting, or kicking the opponent's physiological weak points (vital points) with the hands, feet, or head. There are three types of techniques: thrusting, striking, and kicking. Thrust techniques include the fist (kobushi-ate), finger head (shito-ate), and elbow (shito-ate), strike techniques include the fist (kobushi-ate), hand (toe-ate), and elbow (hizu-ate), and kicking techniques include the knee (hiza-ate), heel (kae-ate), and foot (toe-ate).

Throwing and pinning techniques are called randori techniques and are used in randori (free practice) and matches. Atemi techniques are dangerous and are prohibited from being used in randori or matches, and are practiced exclusively in kata.

[Yoshinori Takeuchi and Naoki Murata, January 21, 2019]

The Basics of Judo

When practicing Judo techniques, the most important thing is to master the basics. The basic techniques, especially the basics of throwing techniques, were established rationally and scientifically through the ingenuity of Jigoro Kano, including posture, gripping, movement, body control, breaking, making, catching, and ukemi. Judo places great importance on etiquette, as it is said that "it begins with a bow and ends with a bow." There are standing and seated bows, and they must be performed correctly. The posture is based on the natural posture, which can be classified as the natural posture, the right natural posture, or the left natural posture. The gripping method should be one that is effective for applying techniques to the opponent. By moving the body effectively, moving or handling the body, you put the opponent in an unstable position (breaking), put yourself in a position that makes it easier to apply techniques (making), and then apply the most appropriate technique in that position rationally, quickly, and powerfully in one go (kake), in order to throw the opponent. For those who are being thrown, ukemi, a method of safely handling one's own body, is also considered, and it is necessary to practice and master this thoroughly. Depending on the direction of fall, there are various types of ukemi, such as rear ukemi, side ukemi, front ukemi, and front rotation ukemi.

[Yoshinori Takeuchi and Naoki Murata, January 21, 2019]

Practice

Judo has long had two forms of training: kata and randori, and by combining these two training methods, it is possible to improve technique and achieve physical fitness results.

Kata is a training method that follows certain rules for attacking and defending techniques, and the kata established by the Kodokan allow students to learn all aspects of Judo. Kodokan kata includes randori kata such as throwing kata and kata for fixing, and consists of 15 representative techniques, allowing students to learn the principles of offense and defense in practice and matches. There are 20 kata for serious competition, 15 kata for soft movements that practice the rational use of force based on the principles of softness, Kodokan self-defense techniques, a modern form of self-defense, women's self-defense techniques created for women, five kata that express the principles of Judo by incorporating natural phenomena, and ancient kata that incorporate the Kito-ryu armor grappling forms.

Randori is a training format in which both players move freely and put all their effort into attacking and defending, and it remains at the heart of training methods today.

As training methods aimed at improving technique, there are basic training to properly master the fundamentals, striking (kakari training) to make techniques stronger, faster and more accurate, prearranged training (geiko) to learn techniques with good timing in response to the opponent's movements, and randori (free practice) to comprehensively put the techniques into practice, and so on. Judo practitioners at any stage of training should make an effort to repeatedly practice these techniques at appropriate times and to refine their techniques. They practice many techniques, acquire their favorite techniques from them, and practice with the aim of achieving authentic judo that can be done both standing and lying down.

[Yoshinori Takeuchi and Naoki Murata, January 21, 2019]

game

Judo matches are divided into individual and team matches, and the methods used for these matches include tournaments, league matches, knockout matches, point-scoring matches, etc. In addition, open-weight matches, matches by weight class, matches by rank, and matches by age class are also held.

Weight-class competitions are generally divided into the following weight classes: for men there are seven: 60 kg, 66 kg, 73 kg, 81 kg, 90 kg, 100 kg, and over 100 kg.

For women, there are seven weight classes: 48 kg, 52 kg, 57 kg, 63 kg, 70 kg, 78 kg and over 78 kg.

Open weight classes will not be held at the Olympics, the World Junior Judo Championships (ages 15-20), or the World Cadet Judo Championships (ages 15-17).

[Yoshinori Takeuchi and Naoki Murata, January 21, 2019]

rule

In Japan, there are two refereeing regulations: the Kodokan Judo Match Refereeing Regulations (hereafter, Kodokan Regulations) and the International Judo Federation Match Refereeing Regulations (hereafter, International Regulations). The latter is used in international matches. There are some differences in the content.

According to Kodokan rules, two contestants wearing judo uniforms stand 3.64 meters apart in the center of the competition area, exchange bows, and the match begins when the referee announces "Hajime" (start), ends when the referee announces "Soredemo" (end), and they exchange bows and leave the competition area. The match begins with standing techniques and must take place within the competition area. The winner is decided by throwing and grappling techniques, and the match ends when one of the contestants scores an "ippon". If the match is not decided within the time limit, it will be decided by a decision of superiority or a draw. The match time is between 3 and 20 minutes, and is decided in advance of the match. In the Olympics and World Championships, the time is 4 minutes for both men and women (international rules).

[1] "Ippon" means, in the case of throwing techniques, when the opponent has applied a technique or evaded an opponent's technique and has been thrown roughly on his back with sufficient momentum or momentum; in the case of hold techniques, when the opponent has shouted "Ichi it!" or has struck the floor or his body two or more times as a signal; in the case of pinning techniques, when the opponent has been pinned down for 30 seconds (20 seconds according to international rules); and in the case of chokes and submission locks, when the effect of the technique has been fully achieved.

[2] "Waza-ari" When a throwing technique is performed that nearly resulted in a point, or when a pin-down technique has been performed for more than 25 seconds (10 seconds under international rules), it is declared "waza-ari." If a waz-ari is performed twice, it is declared "waza-ari, plus ippon," and the match is decided.

[3] "Yuri" A throwing technique that was close to being scored as a waza-ari, or a hold technique that lasts for more than 20 seconds, is considered a "yuri" (valid). However, no matter how many yuri there are, they do not amount to one waza-ari (there is no such thing as a yuri in international rules).

[4] Foul play If a player attempts to or actually commits a prohibited act, a foul will be awarded depending on the severity of the act. Foul play can be classified as (1) a foul loss, (2) a warning (equivalent to a waza-ari), (3) a caution (equivalent to a yori), (4) a shido, or (5) an educational shido. Under international rules, the foul play is classified as (1) a foul loss due to three shidos and a direct foul loss, or (2) a shido.

In principle, there is one chief referee and two assistant referees. The chief referee is in charge of the progress of the match and judging the outcome of the match inside the match area, and the assistant referee is in charge of assisting the chief referee on the diagonal outside the match area. According to international regulations, the assistant referees do not enter the match area.

The major differences between international regulations are as follows:

[1] In tournaments organized by the International Judo Federation, white and blue judo uniforms shall be worn.

[2] The criteria for awarding fouls differ for some prohibited acts. In international rules, only foul play is allowed and a warning is given.

[3] When either contestant has even one foot inside the ring, the other contestant shall be considered to be inside the ring, even if he is completely outside the ring.

[4] The duration of the pinning techniques is different (shorter).

[Yoshinori Takeuchi and Naoki Murata, January 21, 2019]

Rank

The rank and grade system in judo was started around 1883 (Meiji 16), and Tomita Tsunejiro (1865-1937) and Saigo Shiro were the first to be ranked as shodan. Ranks range from shodan to judan, and although there are no concrete examples to date, the system goes even higher, with kyu from 5th kyu to 1st kyu. These ranks are not awarded simply based on strength, but are awarded based on the trainee's character, the degree of progress in technique and kata, knowledge of judo, the application of judo principles to daily life, and contributions to judo. Ranks are represented by the color of the belt. 5th and 4th kyu are white, while 3rd, 2nd, and 1st kyu are brown. Rank holders are allowed to wear black belts from 1st to 5th dan, red and white stripes from 6th to 8th dan, and red belts from 9th dan and above. However, even those with 6th dan or above may wear black belts.

[Yoshinori Takeuchi and Naoki Murata, January 21, 2019]

International Situation

As early as the Meiji period, Japanese judoists began to promote judo overseas in France. When Anthonius J. Geesink (1934-2010) of the Netherlands won a gold medal at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, the sport quickly became more international. Judo is especially popular in Europe, Russia, and Brazil, which have produced many strong athletes. The International Judo Federation has approximately 200 member countries and regions (2018).

[Naoki Murata January 21, 2019]

"One Hundred Years of Judo" by Oimatsu Shinichi (1976, Jiji Press)" ▽ "Judo" by Takeuchi Yoshinori (1979, Fumaido Publishing)" ▽ "Judo" by Inokuma Isao (1979, Kodansha)" ▽ "Kodokan Judo" by Kano Jigoro (1994, Kodansha International)" ▽ " Illustrated Judo, edited by Nippon Sport Science University (1999, Satsuki Shobo)" ▽ "Learning from Master Kano Jigoro" by Murata Naoki (2001, Nippon Budokan)

Judo competition area (International Judo Federation Competition Refereeing Regulations)
©Shogakukan ">

Judo competition venue (International Judo Federation Competition Refereeing Regulations…

Judo Competition Area (Kodokan Judo Competition Refereeing Regulations)
©Shogakukan ">

Judo Competition Area (Kodokan Judo Competition Refereeing Regulations)

Names of each part of a judo uniform
©Shogakukan ">

Names of each part of a judo uniform

The main defensive moves in Judo
©Shogakukan ">

The main defensive moves in Judo

Main techniques of Judo (throwing techniques)
©Shogakukan ">

Main techniques of Judo (throwing techniques)

Main techniques of Judo (holding techniques)
©Shogakukan ">

Main techniques of Judo (holding techniques)

Jigoro Kano
©Shogakukan Library ">

Jigoro Kano

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

柔道とは、徒手を主体とした攻撃・防御を行う武道の一種。練習することで心身を鍛錬し、その力をもっとも有効に使用する道であると同時に、人間形成の道である、と創始者の嘉納治五郎(かのうじごろう)は説いている。

［竹内善徳・村田直樹　2019年1月21日］

沿革

柔道は、1882年（明治15）に始まるが、その技術的な源は日本古来の徒手格闘である力競べや相撲(すもう)に求められる。奈良・平安時代に武技奨励のため節会(せちえ)相撲が行われたが、やがて武士の戦場での組み討ちの術へと発達した。16世紀ころから、この組み討ちの術がさらに発達し、捕縛の術や活殺の術が研究工夫された。妙手を発明し、それらの技術を組織だて体系化して、門弟に教え、おのおのの流派を名のるようになった。初めは、組み討ち、鎧(よろい)組み討ち、小具足、捕手(とりて)、捕縛、腰の廻(まわ)り、白打(はくだ)、拳法(けんぽう)、俰(やわら)、和術、柔術、体術などとよばれたが、やがてこれら無手または短い武器をもって、無手または武器をもっている相手を攻撃・防御する術を総称して一般に柔術とよぶようになった。江戸時代にはさらに発展して、武士の武芸の一つとして修練され、隆盛を極め、多くの名人や達人が輩出した。

　おもな柔術流派には、竹内流(たけのうちりゅう)、堤宝山流(つつみほうさんりゅう)、荒木流、関口流、渋川流、制剛流、福野流、三浦流、楊心流(ようしんりゅう)、扱心流(きゅうしんりゅう)、直信流(じきしんりゅう)、起倒流(きとうりゅう)、真之神道流(しんのしんとうりゅう)、天神真楊流(てんじんしんようりゅう)などがある。明治時代になり、外国文化が流入して、固有の文化はほとんど顧みられない風潮となって、柔術も剣術などとともに廃れていった。それが柔道として今日にみるような発展を遂げたのは嘉納治五郎の功績である。子供のころから体を鍛えようとして柔術の師を探し求めていた嘉納は、1877年に念願がかなって、天神真楊流の福田八之助(はちのすけ)（1828―1879）に入門し修行に励んだ。その後同流の磯正智(いそまさとも)（？―1881）について学び、飯久保恒年(いいくぼつねとし)（？―1888）について起倒流を学んだ。さらにその他の流派をも研究し、その心身に与える効果の絶大なことを知り、青少年の教育には欠くことのできないものであることを信じて、1882年東京・下谷(したや)北稲荷(きたいなり)町の永昌(えいしょう)寺において講道館柔道を創始した。柔道の目的を体育、勝負、修心の三つに置き、新しい教授方法も取り入れて、柔道による教育の研究、普及に努力した。

　柔道の技術は、天神真楊流から固め技、当身(あてみ)技、起倒流から投げ技の長所をとり、さらに他流派の長所を取り入れ、自分の創意工夫も加えて、1887年ごろに技術体系をほぼ完成した。1895年には投げ技の指導要目である五教の技42本が制定された。古流を圧倒した投げ技部門は、講道館における投げ技重視の方針、自然体など基本動作の確立と、学理による新技の開発、軽妙自在な乱取(らんど)りの実現、乱取り・形(かた)併用の練習法、試合審判規定の制定、柔道衣の改善などによって大きく発展した。五教の技は1920年（大正9）に改正され、第一教から第五教まで各8本ずつ、計40本となった。固め技については、最初は十分とはいえなかったが、大正時代に行われた全国高等専門学校の試合において大いに向上発展をみるに至った。当身技は、形の方法で練習されたが、優れた古流の当身は講道館制定の形に包含された。柔道創始後数年を経て、真剣勝負の形13本がつくられ、1907年（明治40）には極(きめ)の形20本が制定された。その後、精力善用国民体育、女子護身法、講道館護身術などが考案された。形としてはほかに投げの形、固めの形、柔(じゅう)の形、剛(ごう)の形、五(いつ)つの形、古式(こしき)の形などがある。

　柔道の思想的発展は、まず勝負の理論としての柔の理から発し、人間生活全般に応用できるものと考えられていたが、その後の研究により、柔道は心身の力をもっとも有効に使用する道であるとの原理に至った。嘉納は大正初期にこの原理に至り、次のように説いている。「柔道は心身の力をもっとも有効に使用する道である。その修行は、攻撃・防御の練習によって身体精神を鍛錬修養し、斯道(しどう)の神髄を体得することである。そうして是(これ)によって己を完成し、世を補益するが柔道修行の究竟(きゅうきょう)の目的である」。この理念を「精力善用」とよんだ。さらにこの精力善用に対し、社会的・倫理的考察を加えて、「自他共栄」の精神が強調された。今日、全柔道修行者の最終目標は、この精力善用、自他共栄の二大道標にある。このような技術・原理に基づいた柔道は、その教育的価値が認められて、国内はもとより広く海外にも普及発展していった。

　柔道は警察学校の科目の一つとなっている。学校教育では、1883年（明治16）学習院において、1887年には帝国大学において有志による練習が始まっている。その後、各学校に柔道部が創設され盛んになっていった。正科体育としては、1911年（明治44）師範学校と中学校の男子に教科として取り入れられたのをはじめとして、1931年（昭和6）正科体育の必修となった。その後、小学校5年以上の男子にも課せられて重要な教科となった。第二次世界大戦後、学校における柔道は禁止されたが、やがて解除された。2012年（平成24）4月から、中学校の保健体育の必修科目である「武道」のなかの一つとなっている。

　1949年（昭和24）に全日本柔道連盟が結成され、続いて全日本学生柔道連盟や高等学校体育連盟柔道部などが結成されて、全国的な各種大会が開催されている。海外においても、ヨーロッパにおける柔道熱が盛んとなり、1948年ヨーロッパ柔道連盟European Judo Union（EJU）が結成された。ついでヨーロッパを中心にして1951年に国際柔道連盟International Judo Federation（IJF）が結成されたが、翌1952年に日本が加盟して本格的体裁を整えた。以後、世界選手権大会をはじめ、多数の国際大会が開かれるようになった。なお柔道は、1964年開催のオリンピック東京大会以降、正式種目として採用されている。1992年から女子柔道もオリンピックの正式種目に採用された。

［竹内善徳・村田直樹　2019年1月21日］

柔道の技

投げ技、固め技、当身技の3部門からなっている。以下は主な技の説明である。

［竹内善徳・村田直樹　2019年1月21日］

投げ技

相手を投げ倒す技で、立ったままの姿勢で投げ倒す立ち技と、自分の身体を倒しながら相手を投げる捨身(すてみ)技とがある。

　立ち技は、主として力の働く部位の違いによって、〔1〕手技、〔2〕腰技、〔3〕足技に分けられる。

〔1〕手技
(1)背負い投げ　相手を前か前隅(すみ)に崩しながら背負って前方に投げる技。前襟を握ったまま掛ける襟背負い（双手(もろて)背負い）投げと、襟を持たずどちらかの腕を抱えて掛ける一本背負い投げなどがある。

(2)体落し　相手を前隅に崩しながら、片足を踏み伸ばしてその出足を止め、上体を引き落として投げる技。

(3)肩車　相手を前隅に崩して、両肩に担ぎ上げ、体を引き落として投げる技。

〔2〕腰技
(1)大腰(おおごし)　相手を前に崩しながら、深く腰を入れて相手を後ろ腰にのせ、そこを支点に前に回転させて投げる技。

(2)つり込み腰　相手を前か前隅につり上げながら崩し、その前もものあたりを後ろ腰で支え、そこを軸にして大きく回転させて投げる技。袖(そで)をとってつり込むと袖つり込み腰となる。

(3)浮き腰　前隅に崩した相手が腰にのりかかる瞬間をとらえ、腰をひねって投げる技。

(4)払い腰　相手を前隅に崩して腰にのせ、脚の後ろ側で相手の脚を前から払い上げて投げる技。

(5)はね腰　前隅に崩した相手を、体側にのせながら足、腰で跳ね上げて投げる技。巻き込むと、跳ね巻込みになる。

(6)後ろ腰　相手を後ろから抱き上げ、真下に引き落として投げる技。

〔3〕足技
(1)膝車(ひざぐるま)　相手を前隅に崩しながら、足裏でその膝頭を支えて投げる技。

(2)支えつり込み足　相手を前隅に崩しながら相手の足首部分を足裏で支えて投げる技。

(3)大内刈(おおうちが)り　相手を後ろ隅に崩し、片足で同じ側の足を内側から刈って倒す技。

(4)大外刈り　相手を後ろ隅に崩し、片足で相手の片足を外から刈って倒す技。

(5)小内刈(こうちが)り　相手を後ろ隅に崩し、片足で相手のかかとを内側から刈って倒す技。

(6)小外掛(こそとが)け　相手を後ろ隅に崩し、片足で相手の同じ側のかかとのあたりを後方からすり上げるように掛けて倒す技。

(7)出足払い　相手の出足がまさに畳につこうとしたところを足で払って倒す技。

(8)送り足払い　相手を横に崩しながら足で相手の足を移動する方向に送り払って倒す技。

(9)内(うち)また　相手を前隅に崩しながら後ろももで相手の内ももを内側から払い上げて投げる技。

　捨身技には、身体の捨て方の違いによって、真(ま)捨身技と、横捨身技がある。真捨身技には巴(ともえ)投げ、隅返し、引込み返しなど5本の技がある。巴投げは、相手を前に崩し体をあおむけに捨てながら、足をその下腹部に当ててあげ、両手を引いて頭上越しに投げる技である。また、横捨身技には浮き技、横落し、谷落しなど15本の技がある。浮き技は、相手を前隅に崩しながら、足を開き、後ろに引き体を横向きに捨てて投げる技である。

［竹内善徳・村田直樹　2019年1月21日］

固め技

相手の身体を抑え込んで起き上がれないようにしたり、相手の首を絞めたり、関節を伸ばしたり曲げてひねったりして制する技であり、〔1〕抑え込み技、〔2〕絞め技、〔3〕関節技に分けられている。

〔1〕抑え込み技
(1)袈裟固(けさがた)め　あおむけにした相手の体側から半身となってその首を抱え、片腕を制して袈裟掛けの形に抑え込む技。袈裟固めの形の崩れたものが崩れ袈裟固め。

(2)肩固め　あおむけにした相手の体側から、その片腕と頸部(けいぶ)とを自分の両手を組み合わせ、片腕と頭で抱え挟んで抑え込む技。

(3)上四方(かみしほう)固め　あおむけにした相手の頭のほうからうつぶせになり、その横帯を握って両上腕部と上半身を抑え込む技。上四方固めの形の崩れたものが崩れ上四方固め。

(4)横四方固め　あおむけにした相手の体側からうつぶせになり、その体とほぼ直角になって抑え込む技。

(5)縦四方固め　相手をあおむけにして、馬のりになり、うつぶせになって抑え込む技。

〔2〕絞め技
(1)十字絞め　相手の前方から両手を十字にして両襟を握り、その首を絞める技。両手のひらを手前に向け、両方の親指を襟の外にして相手の両襟を握って絞めると逆十字絞め、親指をともに内にすれば並み十字絞め、一方の手の親指を外にすれば片十字絞めになる。

(2)送り襟絞め　相手の後方に位置し、片手を肩の上から、他方の手をわき下から差し入れて両襟を握り、引き絞るようにして絞める技。

(3)裸絞め　相手の後方から前腕の親指側を相手の咽喉部(いんこうぶ)前面に当て、肩の上で両手をあわせて組み、引き付けて絞める技。

〔3〕関節技
(1)腕がらみ　相手の手首をとってその腕を曲げ、両手を組んで、相手の肘(ひじ)関節を梃子（てこ）の理によりねじるようにして極(き)める技。肩のほうに曲げる仕方と、帯のほうに曲げる仕方がある。

(2)腕ひしぎ十字固め　単に十字固めともいわれている。相手の体側に位置し、その上腕を両ももで挟み制しながら、手首をとった両手を引いて肘関節を伸ばして極める技。

(3)腕ひしぎ腕固め　単に腕固めともいわれている。相手の手首を肩に当て、両手で肘関節の上をすり上げぎみに押さえて極める技。

［竹内善徳・村田直樹　2019年1月21日］

当身技

相手の生理的弱点（急所）を手、足、頭などで突く、打つ、蹴(け)るなどして制する技である。突き技、打ち技、蹴り技の三つがある。突き技としては、拳(こぶし)当て、指頭(しとう)当て、肘当てなどがあり、打ち技としては、拳当て、手刀当て、肘当てなどがあり、蹴り技としては、膝(ひざ)当て、踵(かかと)当て、足刀当てなどがある。

　投げ技と固め技は乱取り技といわれ、乱取り（自由練習）や試合に使用されている。当身技は危険なので、乱取りや試合で使用することは禁止されており、もっぱら形において練習されている。

［竹内善徳・村田直樹　2019年1月21日］

柔道の基本

柔道の技を練習する場合にまずたいせつなことは、基本を身につけることである。技の基本のうちとくに投げ技の基本は、嘉納治五郎の創意工夫によって、姿勢、組み方、移動の仕方、体さばき、崩し、作り、掛け、受身など、合理的・科学的に確立された。柔道は「礼に始まり礼に終わる」といわれるように礼法をたいせつにしている。立礼と座礼があり、正しく行わねばならない。姿勢は自然体を基本とし、自然体には、自然本体、右自然体、左自然体がある。組み方は相手に技を掛けるのに効果的な組み方をよしとする。体を有効に動かして、移動したり、体をさばいたりして相手を不安定な体勢にし（崩し）、自分は技を掛けやすい体勢にし（作り）、その体勢でもっとも適切な技を合理的に、速く、力強く一気に掛けて（掛け）、相手を投げるようにする。投げられる者に対しても、自分の身体を安全に取り扱う方法である受身が考えられ、これを十分に練習して身につける必要がある。なお、受身には、倒れる方向によって後方受身、側方受身、前方受身、前方回転受身などがある。

［竹内善徳・村田直樹　2019年1月21日］

練習法

柔道の練習法には古くから形と乱取りの二つの形式があり、この二つの練習法を組み合わせて練習することにより、技術向上と体育的効果を得ることができる。

　形とは、技の攻撃・防御に一定の約束ごとをもって行う練習法で、講道館で制定された形によって柔道の技術全般を学ぶことができる。講道館の形には、投げの形と固めの形のような乱取りの形があって、技の代表的なもの15本からなり、練習や試合の攻防の理を学ぶことができる。真剣勝負の形として極の形（20本）、柔の理に基づく合理的な力の用法を緩やかな動作で練習する柔の形（15本）、現代的な護身の法である講道館護身術、女子のためにつくられた女子護身法、柔道の原理を自然現象を取り入れて表現した五つの形、起倒流の鎧組み討ちの形を取り入れた古式の形などがある。

　乱取りは、お互いが自由に動きながら全力を傾けて攻防しあう練習形式で、今日の練習法の中心となっているものである。

　技術向上を目ざす練習法として、まず基本を正しく身につける基本練習、技をより強く、速く、正確にする打込み（かかり練習）、相手の動きに対応してタイミングのよい技を身につけるための約束稽古(げいこ)、総合的に技を実戦化する乱取り（自由練習）などがあり、どの修行段階にある柔道修行者も、適時これらの練習を繰り返し積み重ねて、技を練ることを心がける。多くの技を練習し、そこから得意技を身につけ、立っても寝てもできる本格的な柔道を目ざして練習する。

［竹内善徳・村田直樹　2019年1月21日］

試合

柔道の試合には、個人試合と団体試合があり、その方法としてトーナメント法、リーグ戦法、勝ち抜き法、点取り法などがある。また、無差別試合、体重別試合、段位別試合、年齢別試合などが行われている。

　体重別試合は一般に次の階級に分かれている。男子は、60キログラム級、66キログラム級、73キログラム級、81キログラム級、90キログラム級、100キログラム級、100キログラム超級の7階級である。

　女子は、48キログラム級、52キログラム級、57キログラム級、63キログラム級、70キログラム級、78キログラム級、78キログラム超級の7階級である。

　体重無差別は、オリンピックおよび世界ジュニア柔道選手権大会（15～20歳）、世界カデ柔道選手権大会（15～17歳）では行われない。

［竹内善徳・村田直樹　2019年1月21日］

ルール

国内では、二つの審判規定がある。講道館柔道試合審判規定（以下、講道館規定）と国際柔道連盟試合審判規定（以下、国際規定）である。国際試合では後者が用いられる。その内容にはいくつかの違いがみられる。

　講道館規定での試合は、柔道衣を着用した2人の試合者が、試合場の中央で3.64メートル離れて立ち、立礼を交わしたのち、主審の「始め」の宣告で試合を開始し、「それまで」の宣告で試合を終え、立礼を交わして試合場から出る。試合は立ち技から開始され、試合場内で行われなければならない。勝負は投げ技と固め技によって決められ、どちらかが「一本」をとれば試合は終了する。試合時間内に勝負が決まらなかった場合は、判定により優勢勝ちか引き分けとなる。なお試合時間は3分から20分の間で、その試合の前にあらかじめ定められる。オリンピックおよび世界選手権では男女とも4分間である（国際規定）。

〔1〕「一本」　投げ技では、技を掛けるか、相手の技を外して相当の勢い、あるいは弾みをもってだいたいあおむけに倒したとき、固め技では、「まいった」と発声するか、二度以上床か相手の体を打って合図をしたとき、抑え込み技では30秒間（国際規定では20秒間）抑え込んだとき、絞め技と関節技では十分効果が現れたときをいう。

〔2〕「技あり」　投げ技でもうすこしで一本となるような技があったり、抑え込み技で25秒（国際規定では10秒）以上経過したときは、「技あり」となり、技ありを二度とったときは「技あり、合わせて一本」となって勝負が決まる。

〔3〕「有効」　投げ技でもうすこしで技ありになるような技であったり、抑え込み技で20秒以上経過した場合は「有効」となる。ただし、有効をいくつとっても技あり一つには及ばない（国際規定には有効はない）。

〔4〕反則　禁止事項を犯そうとしたり、犯した場合には、その重さによって反則となる。反則には、(1)反則負け、(2)警告（技ありと同等）、(3)注意（有効と同等）、(4)指導、(5)教育的指導がある。国際規定では、(1)指導3回による反則負けと直接の反則負け、(2)指導である。

　審判は、原則として主審1名、副審2名で行い、主審は試合場内にあって試合の進行と勝負の判定をつかさどり、副審は試合場外の対角線上にいて主審を補佐する。国際規定では、副審は試合場には上がらない。

　国際規定による大きな違いは次のような点である。

〔1〕国際柔道連盟主催の大会は白色と青色の柔道衣を着用する。

〔2〕反則を与える基準がいくつかの禁止事項で違う。国際規定では、反則負けと指導のみである。

〔3〕どちらか一方の試合者の片足でも場内にある時は、もう片方の試合者が完全に場外に出ていても場内とみなす。

〔4〕抑え込み技の時間が違う（短い）。

［竹内善徳・村田直樹　2019年1月21日］

段級

柔道の段級制度は、1883年（明治16）ごろに始められ、富田常次郎(とみたつねじろう)（1865―1937）、西郷四郎(さいごうしろう)が最初の初段に列せられた。段位は初段から十段、これまで具体例はないものの制度としてはさらにその上へと続き、級は五級から一級まである。この段級は、ただ強いだけで与えられるものではなく、修行者の品性、技術および形の進歩の程度、柔道の知識、柔道原理の生活への応用状況、柔道への功績などを勘案して与えられる。なお、段級を帯の色で表している。級では、五級、四級は白色、三級、二級、一級は茶褐色である。有段者は、初段から五段までは黒色、六段から八段までは紅白のだんだら、九段以上は紅色の帯を締めることが許されている。ただし、六段以上でも黒色の帯を締めても差し支えない。

［竹内善徳・村田直樹　2019年1月21日］

国際情勢

すでに明治期に、日本人柔道家による海外普及活動がフランスで始まっている。1964年（昭和39）のオリンピック東京大会でオランダのアントン・ヘーシンクAnthonius J. Geesink（1934―2010）が金メダルを獲得したのを機に、一気に国際化が進んだ。とくにヨーロッパ、ロシア、ブラジルでの人気が高く、強豪選手を輩出している。国際柔道連盟には約200の国と地域が加盟している（2018）。

［村田直樹　2019年1月21日］

『老松信一著『柔道百年』（1976・時事通信社）』▽『竹内善徳著『柔道』（1979・不昧堂出版）』▽『猪熊功著『柔道』（1979・講談社）』▽『嘉納治五郎著『講道館柔道』（1994・講談社インターナショナル）』▽『日本体育大学編『イラスト柔道』（1999・五月書房）』▽『村田直樹著『嘉納治五郎師範に学ぶ』（2001・日本武道館）』