Group employment - shudanshushoku

This refers to new school graduates (junior high school and high school graduates) from rural areas finding employment in large cities as a group at small and medium-sized businesses or stores. The Ministry of Labor (current Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare) planned group placements when a large number of new school graduates needed to be placed at once, and called these people "group job seekers." Historically, it began in 1954 (Showa 29) when a shopping association in Tokyo's wards, which was struggling with a lack of employees, jointly asked the Public Employment Security Office to help junior high school graduates find employment. In 1957, the Ministry of Labor also took the same approach and began to actively promote group employment. Group employment is a product of the high-growth period, when new school graduates were employed in large numbers in the secondary and tertiary industries. Their employment rate outside the prefecture increased year by year until 1972, reaching a peak of 35.0% for junior high school graduates and 32.5% for high school graduates. In particular, the majority of those who found employment came from Tohoku, Sanin, Kitakyushu, and Minamikyushu, indicating that mass employment was primarily carried out by the children of household heads working in the primary industries.

However, group employment began to decline in the latter half of the 1960s, dropped rapidly in the latter half of the 1970s, and was almost nonexistent by the 1980s, completing its role. Okinawa Prefecture had a low rate of local employment for new graduates, so the number of people finding employment outside the prefecture had been increasing, but this number has been declining since the latter half of the 1980s. Overall, the rate of employment outside the prefecture has been declining year by year, due to factors such as a decline in job openings in major cities and new graduates wishing to find work in their hometowns. However, finding employment locally is also difficult due to factors such as the stagnation of new industrial locations and a decline in job openings from existing companies.

[Mitomi Noriyoshi]

"Takasawa Takeshi et al., eds., 'Group Employment: A Follow-up Study' (1967, Meiji Tosho Publishing)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

地方の新規学卒者（中学・高校卒）が大都市の中小企業や商店などへ集団で就職することをいう。労働省（現厚生労働省）では、新規学卒者など一時に大量の赴任を必要とする場合には、計画的に集団赴任の方法を講じ、これによる赴任者を「集団就職者」とよんでいた。歴史的には、1954年（昭和29）求人難に悩む東京都区内の商店会が共同で公共職業安定所に中学卒業生の就職斡旋(あっせん)を依頼したのが最初であり、その後1957年から労働省も先の方法を講じ、集団就職に積極的に乗り出した。集団就職は、新規学卒者が第二次・第三次産業に大量に採用された高度成長期の産物である。彼らの県外就職率は、1972年まで年を追って上昇し、最高時で中卒35.0％、高卒32.5％に達している。とりわけ東北、山陰、北九州、南九州からの就職者が多数を占め、集団就職が第一次産業に従事する世帯主の子弟に主として担われたことを示している。

　しかし、集団就職は1960年代後半から少なくなり、1970年代後半になると急速に減少、1980年代に入るとほとんどみられなくなり、その役割は終了した。沖縄県は新卒者の地元での就職率が低かったため、県外就職者は増大していたが、1980年代後半以降は減少を続けている。全体に県外就職率は年々低下しているが、これは、大都市における求人が低下するとともに、新規学卒者が地元での就職を希望するようになったことなどによる。しかし、地元での就職も、新規工業立地の停滞や既存企業からの求人の減少などによって困難な状況にある。

［三富紀敬］

『高沢武司他編『集団就職　その追跡研究』（1967・明治図書出版）』

出典　小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について　情報 | 凡例