Shankara - Shankara (English spelling) Śakara

Japanese: シャンカラ - しゃんから(英語表記)Śakara
Shankara - Shankara (English spelling) Śakara

Indian religious leader and philosopher. Founder of the Advaita school of Vedanta, the mainstream of Indian philosophy. There are no documents that give accurate information about his life, but according to legend, he was born as the son of a Brahmin named Namboodiri in Kalady, Kerala, South India. He lost his father at a young age, became a monk, and studied under Govinda. He traveled throughout India, debated with leaders of other schools, gained disciples such as Sureśvara (c. 720-c. 770), and founded the first monastery in the history of orthodox Brahmanism. Today, monasteries of this sect exist all over India, but the head temple is in Sringeri, Karnataka, South India, and the main monasteries are in Puri in the east, Dvāraka in the west, Badarinath in the Himalayas, and Kanchi in Tamil Nadu. The head of these monasteries was called Shankara Acharya (master). He had a short life, and according to legend he died at the age of 32 (or 38) in Kedarnath in the Himalayas. He is credited with over 300 works, most of which are believed to be forgeries. His main work is the Brahma-Sutra Commentary, the oldest surviving commentary on the fundamental scripture of the Vedanta school. Other works thought to be genuine include commentaries on the ancient Upanishads such as the Brihadāranyaka, and an independent work thought to be genuine is the Upadeśa Sahasrī. The aim of Shankara's philosophy is liberation from the cycle of reincarnation, and the means to achieve this is the knowledge that the Brahman, the absolute principle of the universe, and the Atman, the true essence of the individual, are the same as those taught in the Upanishads. He preached illusionistic monism, or non-dual monism, stating that the reason why everyday experience is in contradiction with this truth is because of ignorance, and that the entire phenomenal world, including the physical body, is merely something that ignorance has entrusted to Brahman, and that it does not actually exist. His ideas have had a great influence on later generations, and he is considered the greatest philosopher in India, and non-dual monism is the mainstream of Indian thought today.

[Maeda Senryaku, May 21, 2018]

[References] | Advaita monism | Vedanta school

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

インドの宗教家、哲学者。インド哲学の主流をなすベーダーンタ学派のなかの不二一元論(ふにいちげんろん)派の開祖。その生涯を正確に知る資料はないが、伝説によれば、南インドのケララ州カーラディでナムブーディリというバラモン階級の子として生まれた。幼いときに父を失い、出家してゴービンダGovindaに師事。全インドを遊行(ゆぎょう)し、他の諸学派の指導者たちと議論を闘わせ、スレーシュバラSureśvara(720ころ―770ころ)らの弟子を得、正統バラモン教史上初めて僧院を建立。この派の僧院は今日インド各地に存在するが、総本山は南インドのカルナータカ州シュリンゲーリにあり、そのほか東部のプリー、西部のドバーラカー、ヒマラヤ地方のバダリナータ、タミル・ナド州のカーンチーにある僧院が主要なもの。それらの僧院の長はシャンカラ・アーチャーリヤ(師)といわれる。彼の生涯は短く、伝説では32(または38)歳でヒマラヤ地方のケーダールナータで没したという。彼には300点を超える著作が帰せられているが、大部分は偽作と考えられる。主著はベーダーンタ学派の根本聖典に対する現存最古の注釈『ブラフマ・スートラ注解』。このほか真作と考えられる作品には『ブリハッド・アーラニヤカ』などの古ウパニシャッドに対する注解があり、独立作品で真作と思われるものに『ウパデーシャ・サーハスリー』がある。シャンカラの哲学の目ざすものは輪廻(りんね)からの解脱(げだつ)であり、その手段は、ウパニシャッドの説く宇宙の絶対原理ブラフマンと個人の本体アートマンとは同一であるという知識である。現実の日常経験がこの真理と矛盾しているのは無明(むみょう)のためであり、肉体を含めたいっさいの現象世界は無明によってブラフマンに付託されたものにすぎず、本来実在しないとして幻影主義的一元論、すなわち不二一元論を説いた。彼の思想が後代に与えた影響は大きく、インド最大の哲学者とみなされ、不二一元論は今日のインドの思想界の主流をなしている。

[前田専學 2018年5月21日]

[参照項目] | 不二一元論派 | ベーダーンタ学派

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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