Claude, Albert

Japanese: クロード(英語表記)Claude, Albert
Claude, Albert
Born: August 24, 1898, Longrie, Belgium
[Died] May 22, 1983. Brussels, Belgium American cytologist. Born in Belgium to American parents. Graduated from the University of Liège in 1928. After that, he went to the United States and studied at the Rockefeller Institute (now Rockefeller University), and was a professor at Rockefeller University from 1949 to 1972. During that time, he also served as a professor at the Free University of Brussels (1949-1969) and director of the Jules Bordet Institute (1948-1971). At the Rockefeller Institute, he used centrifugation to isolate the Rous sarcoma virus (→Rous) from chicken tumors, which made it possible to isolate internal structures even in normal cells. With this method, he discovered the endoplasmic reticulum within cells and elucidated the function of mitochondria. In 1942, he was the first in the field of biochemistry to observe cells with an electron microscope. He established the basic methods for isolating and analyzing the structures of living cells. In 1974, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with CR de Duve and GE Palardy. He became an American citizen in 1941 and returned to Belgium in 1949, earning dual citizenship.

Claude
Claude, Georges

Born: September 24, 1870, Paris
Died: May 23, 1960. French chemist and engineer, Saint-Cloud. In 1897, he discovered that acetylene gas could be safely transported by dissolving it in acetone, which contributed greatly to the development of the acetylene industry. His many achievements include the mass production of liquid air (1902), the use of liquid oxygen in iron refining (10), revolutionizing lighting technology with the discovery of the principles of neon lamps and fluorescent lamps (10-30), and the ammonia synthesis method (17). He also experimented with generating electricity by utilizing the temperature difference between the seabed and the sea surface. After the war, he was charged with supporting the Vichy government and collaborating with Germany during World War II, and was imprisoned for five years.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1898.8.24. ベルギー,ロングリエ
[没]1983.5.22. ベルギー,ブリュッセル
アメリカの細胞学者。アメリカ人の両親のもとにベルギーで生れる。 1928年リエージュ大学を卒業。その後アメリカに渡り,ロックフェラー研究所 (現ロックフェラー大学) に学び,49年から 72年までロックフェラー大学教授。その間ブリュッセル自由大学教授 (1949~69) ,ジュール・ボルデ研究所所長 (48~71) もつとめる。ロックフェラー研究所でニワトリの腫瘍からラウス肉腫ウイルス (→ラウス ) を分離するため,遠心分離法を用い,通常の細胞でも内部の構造物の分離を可能にした。この方法で細胞内の小胞体を発見,ミトコンドリアの機能を解明した。 1942年に生化学分野で初めて電子顕微鏡で細胞を観察。生体細胞の構造物の分離と分析の基本手法を確立した。 74年,C.R.ド・デューブ,G.E.パラーディとともにノーベル生理学・医学賞受賞。 1941年にアメリカの市民権を取得,49年にはベルギーに戻り,2ヵ国の市民権を得た。

クロード
Claude, Georges

[生]1870.9.24. パリ
[没]1960.5.23. サンクルー
フランスの化学者,技術者。 1897年アセチレンガスをアセトンに溶かすことによって安全に輸送できることを発見,アセチレン工業の発展に多大の寄与をなしたほか,液体空気の量産法 (1902) ,鉄精錬への液体酸素の利用 (10) ,さらにネオンランプやケイ光ランプの原理の発見による照明技術の変革 (10~30) ,アンモニア合成法 (17) など,その業績は多岐にわたる。その他海底と海面の温度差を利用した発電の実験なども手がけている。第2次世界大戦中ビシー政府を支持し,ドイツに協力したという理由で,戦後罪に問われ,5年間投獄された。

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