Dart - Raymond Arthur Dart

Japanese: ダート - だーと(英語表記)Raymond Arthur Dart
Dart - Raymond Arthur Dart

Born in Brisbane, Australia, he was an anatomist and anthropologist. He studied medicine at the University of Queensland and the University of Sydney. In 1920, he became professor of anatomy at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa, and attracted worldwide attention with his research into a human fossil discovered in Taung, Bechuanaland (Botswana) in 1924. The fossil was the skull of a higher primate thought to be an infant, and its general form resembled that of a baby chimpanzee. However, after a detailed comparative study of the skull morphology and teeth, Dart believed that this was an ancestor of humans from over a million years ago, and in 1925 named it Australopithecus africanus. Although there was much opposition at first, Dart's prediction was proven correct with the cooperation of R. Bloom, John Talbot Robinson (1923-2001), and others. Now, many similar fossils have been discovered in East Africa, and it has been confirmed that Australopithecus dates back to about 4 million years ago. In 1953, he was awarded the Viking Medal, the highest honor for anthropologists, for his discovery of Australopithecus and his research into the species.

[Kazuo Hanihara, November 19, 2018]

[References] | Australopithecus | Bloom

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

オーストラリアのブリズベン生まれの解剖学者、人類学者。クイーンズランド大学およびシドニー大学で医学を学んだ。1920年、南アフリカ、ヨハネスバーグのウィトワーテルスランド大学の解剖学教授となり、1924年にベチュアナランド(ボツワナ)のタウングで発見された人類化石の研究によって世界の注目を集めた。この化石は幼児と思われる高等霊長類の頭骨で、その一般的形態はチンパンジーの子供に似ている。しかし、ダートは頭骨形態や歯の詳細な比較研究を行った結果、これが100万年以上前のヒトの祖先であろうと考え、1925年、アウストラロピテクス・アフリカヌスAustralopithecus africanusと命名した。当初は反対意見も多かったが、R・ブルーム、ロビンソンJohn Talbot Robinson(1923―2001)などの協力により、ダートの予見が正しかったことが証明された。現在は東アフリカでも多くの同類の化石が発見され、アウストラロピテクスの年代は約400万年前までさかのぼることが確かめられている。1953年、アウストラロピテクスの発見、およびその研究に対して、人類学者の最高の名誉であるバイキング・メダルが贈られた。

[埴原和郎 2018年11月19日]

[参照項目] | アウストラロピテクス | ブルーム

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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