Charles

Japanese: シャルル

(Charles) The name of a French king. [I] (III) A Carolingian king (reigned 898-923 ). Son of Louis II. He gifted the Viking leader Rollo a territory in Normandy, which saved him from the Norman invasion, but he was later dethroned by Robert, Count of Paris, and imprisoned. King Simple ( 879-929 ) [II] (IV) The last king of the Capetian dynasty (reigned 1322-28 ). Son of Philip IV. He worked to restore finances and expand royal power. King Fair ( 1294-1328 ) [III] (V) A Valois king (reigned 1364-80 ). Son of John II. During the Hundred Years' War, he appointed the famous general du Guesclin, launched a counterattack against the English army, and recaptured the occupied territories except Calais and Bordeaux. He also loved the arts and sciences, and collected many valuable books at the Louvre. The Wise King ( 1337-80 ) [4] (VI) A king of the Valois dynasty (reigned 1380-1422 ). Son of Charles V. He went mad during the expedition to Brittany. After that, the country fell into chaos, and he lost most of his territory after fighting the English army at Azincourt. The Affectionate King ( 1368-1422 ) [5] (VII) A king of the Valois dynasty (reigned 1422-61 ). Son of Charles VI. After Joan of Arc liberated Orléans, he drove back the English army, which had controlled almost all of France, and was crowned at Reims. Later, in 1453, he drove the English army out of all of France except Calais, ending the Hundred Years' War. He also worked to strengthen royal authority, such as by accepting Gallicanism (Gallican church doctrine). The Victorious King. ( 1403-61 ) [6] (VIII) King of the Valois dynasty (reigned 1483-98 ). Son of Louis XI. Married Anne of Brittany, Duchess of Brittany, and expanded the kingdom. He loved the tales of chivalry, and invaded Naples in imitation of the Crusades, occupying it, but was prevented by the German Emperor and had to withdraw his troops. ( 1470-98 ) [7] (IX) King of the Valois dynasty (reigned 1560-74 ). Son of Henry II. He became king at the age of 10, with his mother, Catherine de Medici, as regent. At the same time as he became king, the conflict between the old and new religions intensified, leading to a religious civil war. In 1572, Catherine carried out the massacre of Protestants at St. Bartholomew. It is said that the king died of an illness due to the pain of the massacre. ( 1550-74 ) [8] (X) King of the Bourbon dynasty (reigned 1824-30 ). Younger brother of Louis XVI and Louis XVIII. He went into exile during the Revolution of 1789. After the fall of Napoleon, he returned to France, advocated a return to the old system, and led a reactionary movement. After ascending to the throne, he suppressed freedom of speech and imposed protective tariffs on landowners, but he abdicated immediately after the July Revolution of 1830. He went into exile in England. ( 1757-1836 )

Charles

(Jacques Alexandre César Charles) French physicist. In 1783, he invented the hydrogen balloon and successfully flew it for about two hours. He also discovered "Charles' Law" and contributed greatly to gas research. He was a member of the Academy of Sciences. ( 1746-1823 )

Source: The Selected Edition of the Japanese Language Dictionary About the Selected Edition of the Japanese Language Dictionary Information

Japanese:

(Charles) フランス王の名。[一] (三世) カロリング朝の王（在位八九八‐九二三）。ルイ二世の子。バイキングの首領ロロにノルマンディーの領地を贈って、ノルマン人の侵略をまぬかれたが、のちに王位をパリ伯ロベールに奪われ、幽閉された。単純王。（八七九‐九二九）[二] (四世) カペー朝最後の王（在位一三二二‐二八）。フィリップ四世の子。財政の建直し、王権伸張につとめた。端麗王。（一二九四‐一三二八）[三] (五世) バロア朝の王（在位一三六四‐八〇）。ジャン二世の子。百年戦争中、名将デュ=ゲクランを登用し、イギリス軍に反撃を加え、カレー、ボルドー以外の被占領地を奪還。また、学芸を愛し、ルーブル城に多くの貴重本を集めた。賢王。（一三三七‐八〇）[四] (六世) バロア朝の王（在位一三八〇‐一四二二）。シャルル五世の子。ブルターニュ遠征の途次発狂。その後、国内は乱れ、イギリス軍とアザンクールで戦って敗れ国土の大半を失った。親愛王。（一三六八‐一四二二）[五] (七世) バロア朝の王（在位一四二二‐六一）。シャルル六世の子。ジャンヌ=ダルクのオルレアン解放後、それまでほぼフランス全土を支配していたイギリス軍を後退させ、ランスで戴冠。のち一四五三年、カレーを除く全フランスからもイギリス軍を撃退、百年戦争を終結させた。また、ガリカニズム（ガリカン教会主義）を認めるなど、王権の強化に努力。勝利王。（一四〇三‐六一）[六] (八世) バロア朝の王（在位一四八三‐九八）。ルイ一一世の子。ブルターニュ公女アンヌと結婚、王領を拡大した。騎士道物語を愛し、十字軍の征旅にならいナポリに遠征、占領したがドイツ皇帝の妨害にあい撤兵した。（一四七〇‐九八）[七] (九世) バロア朝の王（在位一五六〇‐七四）。アンリ二世の子。母后カトリーヌ=ド=メディシスが摂政となり一〇歳で王位につく。王即位と同時に新旧両教徒の対立が激化、宗教内乱となった。一五七二年、母后カトリーヌはサン‐バルテルミーの新教徒虐殺を決行。王はそれを苦に病死したといわれる。（一五五〇‐七四）[八] (一〇世) ブルボン朝の王（在位一八二四‐三〇）。ルイ一六世、ルイ一八世の弟。一七八九年大革命時に亡命。ナポレオン没落後帰国し、旧制度への復帰を唱え、反動的運動を指導した。即位後には言論抑圧、土地所有者への保護関税政策などを打ちだしたが、一八三〇年七月革命が起きると直ちに退位。イギリスへ亡命した。（一七五七‐一八三六）