Architectural Ceremony - Kenchikugirei

Japanese: 建築儀礼 - けんちくぎれい
Architectural Ceremony - Kenchikugirei

Various rituals are performed during the process of building a house. First, divination is often performed to select the site and to decide the date for starting construction. After that, rituals are held when construction begins, when the roof is raised, when the house is completed, and when the house is first occupied. Architecture is the transformation of natural space into a cultural space by using natural materials such as trees, grass, stones, and earth, and architectural rituals can be said to express this through ritual acts. Therefore, architectural rituals mainly have two aspects. One is to express gratitude to the building materials such as wood and stone, and to the gods who control them and the gods of the earth, and to obtain permission. At that time, offerings, especially animal sacrifices, are usually made. The other is to express through rituals that the dwelling is a cultural space, that is, that the structure of the house reflects the way people perceive the world order (culture). Architectural rituals also reaffirm the world view, and especially emphasize the directions, specifically the four corners of the house, east, west, north, south, and center. When the Mayans of Mexico raise the roof of a house, they sacrifice two chickens, bury their heads in the center and their legs in the four corners, and pour wine and food on the pillars at the four corners. Even without special rituals, the construction process itself often reflects their worldview. For example, in the Perum society, which lives near the border between India and Myanmar (Burma), a house is divided vertically into two parts, the right side is used by the master of the house and his unmarried children, and the left side is used by married daughters who visit their parents' home and their husbands, and by men who are proposing to marry them. When building a house, the main pillar on the right side is erected first, followed by the main pillar on the left side, and the beams placed on top of it are also placed right first and left last. In Perum society, the dualistic worldview of right and left, relatives and in-laws, superior and inferior, is reflected in the construction process.

[Itabashi Masami]

Japanese Architectural Ceremonies

In many places, events such as building a new house or replacing a roof are called yagoto. As these jobs often involve the cooperation of relatives or members of the community, they are accompanied by various ceremonies. The first step is a ground-breaking ceremony, which is still commonly held today. This is called a jimaturi (ground festival) and involves worshiping the god of the land on the house's grounds. The usual format is to hang a shime (new leaf decoration), erect sakaki (brassic branches) and bamboo, set up a shelf for offerings, and have a priest offer a prayer. When work finally begins, some places hold celebrations such as the workers entering the shed and the start of the hatchet. Once this is complete, the work begins on solidifying the ground. This is called ishibatsuki, dozuki, takotsuki, etc., and often involves a woman pulling a rope attached to a pounding pestle while singing songs. Once construction has begun and the ridge-raising is complete, the most important tatemae ceremony, or ridge-raising celebration, takes place. Once the ridge-raising is complete, the house is recognized as a family home. In some cases, the master carpenter climbs to the ridge with a sacred wand and raises a bow and arrow to the ridge as a talisman. When the ridge-raising or roof is completed, it is common to have a custom of scattering rice cakes called gushi mochi. In the Tohoku region, this is not only done when building a new house, but also when a roof is replaced. The rice cakes on this day are shitogi mochi, placed in a straw bag and scattered along with coins. In northern Nagano Prefecture, people throw sandals with the straps cut off along with the rice cakes and coins. It is said that picking up these and placing them at the bedside of a person suffering from a headache or a baby crying at night will cure them. In the old Fujinocho area of ​​Midori Ward, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa Prefecture, there was a custom of tying a straw raincoat and hat to the main pillar when a new house was being built. After the ridge-raising ceremony, there is a custom in various places of offering porridge to the main pillars of the newly built house, called slurping porridge. In Iwate Prefecture, there is a ceremony called sumakko porridge, where six children of two parents eat porridge while walking to the four corners of the house to celebrate the new house. After the ridge-raising ceremony, relatives and others send the carpenter off to his home, called daiku-okuri (carpenter's farewell) and saka-daru (master carpenter's farewell). This custom is quite popular in Iki Island, Nagasaki Prefecture, and when the carpenter is sent off carrying rice sacks and sake barrels, the master carpenter's house will display them in front of the gate of the house. A common custom in housewarming celebrations is cooking Watamashi porridge. There are various variations on this type of porridge, including red bean porridge with black beans, pebbles, and coins thrown in, and it is said that anyone who finds one will be lucky. In Shizuoka Prefecture, there is a custom called ya-uri porridge, in which an elder pours this porridge over the main pillar of the house and recites a congratulatory message. When moving into a newly built house for the first time, there are local customs regarding the first thing to bring. In Tokyo, people usually bring a potted evergreen, but there are also cases where people bring a Shinto altar, a Buddhist altar, a pestle, a pot and kettle, a bucket filled with well water, a pickle bucket, or a horse or cow.

[Oto Tokihiko]

[Reference] | Groundbreaking ceremony | Roof-raising ceremony
Ground pounding
Illustration of an earthquake. The second scroll (part) of "Shokunin-zukushi Ekotoba" (Artisans' Ekotoba). The original is by Kuwagata Keisai (Kitao Masami) and the inscription by Kyokaen (Shuzanjin) . Owned by the National Diet Library .

Ground pounding


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

家屋を建造する過程で行われる各種の儀礼。最初に、敷地選定や建築開始の日を決めるための占いがしばしば行われる。その後、着工するとき、棟上げのとき、完成時、初めて入居するときなどに儀礼がなされる。建築は、樹木、草、石、土などの自然物を利用して自然空間を文化的空間に変えることであり、儀礼的行為によってこのことを表現するのが建築儀礼であるといえる。そのため建築儀礼は主として二つの側面をもっている。一つは、木や石などの建築材料に対して、またそれらを支配する神や大地の神などに対して感謝を述べ許可を得ることである。その際、たいてい供物、とくに動物のいけにえが捧(ささ)げられる。もう一つは、住居が文化的空間であること、つまり人々が抱く世界秩序のあり方(文化)を家屋の構造が反映していることを儀礼によって表現することである。建築儀礼は世界観を再確認することでもあり、とくに方位、具体的には家屋の四隅、東西南北と中央が強調される。メキシコのマヤ人は、棟上げのとき2羽のニワトリをいけにえに殺し、首は中央に、足は家の四隅に埋め、四隅の柱に酒と食物をかける。また、特別の儀礼を行わなくとも、建築の手順そのものが世界観を反映していることも多い。たとえば、インドとミャンマー(ビルマ)の国境付近に住むプルム人の社会では、家は縦に二つの部分に分けられ、右側の部分は家の主人とその未婚の子女が使う空間、左側は実家を訪れた既婚の娘とその夫、および娘に求婚中の男の空間である。そして家を建てるときには、右側の主柱がまず立てられ、次に左側の主柱が立てられ、その上にのせられる梁(はり)も同じように右を先に、左を後に据える。プルム人の社会では右と左、親族と姻族、優と劣といった二元論的世界観が建築の手順に反映されているのである。

[板橋作美]

日本の建築儀礼

新築、屋根の葺(ふ)き換えなどの行事を、ヤゴトといっている所が多い。これらの仕事は、親類縁者や、集落内の共同仕事にまつことが少なくないので、いろいろな儀礼を伴って行われている。まず第一着手として、今日でも一般に行われているのは地鎮祭である。地祭(じまつり)などといって、家の敷地において土地の神を祭るのである。注連(しめ)を張り、榊(さかき)や竹を立て、供え物の棚を設け、神職が祝詞(のりと)をあげるのが一般の形式である。いよいよ工事に着手するにあたって、作業の小屋入り、手斧(ちょうな)始めなどといって祝いをする所がある。これが済むと地固めにかかる。石場つき、ドウヅキ、タコツキなどといい、地搗き杵(じつききね)につけた綱を、歌を歌いながら女が引くのが多い。建築にとりかかって棟上げが済むと、もっともだいじな建前(たてまえ)すなわち棟上げ祝いが行われる。棟上げが済むと、それで一戸の家として認められるのである。棟梁(とうりょう)が御幣(ごへい)を持って棟に上り、魔除(よ)けとして弓矢を棟に上げる例もみられる。棟上げや屋根の葺き上がりのとき、グシ餅(もち)といって餅をまく風習が一般にみられる。東北地方では新築のときばかりでなく、屋根の葺き換えのときにも行うという。そして、この日の餅は、シトギ餅で、藁苞(わらづと)に入れて小銭(こぜに)とともにまく。長野県北部では鼻緒を切った草履(ぞうり)を、餅や小銭とともに投げる。これを拾って、頭痛や赤子の夜泣きのとき枕元(まくらもと)に置くと治るという。神奈川県相模原(さがみはら)市緑(みどり)区の旧藤野町地区では、建前のとき大黒柱に、蓑笠(みのかさ)を結び付ける習慣があった。棟上げが済んだのち啜り粥(すすりがゆ)といって、新築の家のおもな柱に、粥を供える風習が各地にある。岩手県では隅(すま)っこ粥といって、新築の祝いに二親のある6人の子供が、家の四隅に向かって歩きながら粥を食べる式を行う所がある。棟上げの祝いが済むと、大工送り、棟梁送りといって、親戚(しんせき)の者などが大工を家に送って行く。長崎県壱岐(いき)島などでは、この風習がなかなか盛んで、米俵(こめだわら)、酒樽(さかだる)などを担って送ると、棟梁の家では、それを家の門前に飾っておくという。新築の祝いで広くみられる風習は、ワタマシ粥を炊くことである。この粥にはいろいろな特色があり、小豆(あずき)粥であるが、その中に黒豆、小石、銭などを入れ、それに食べ当たった者は縁起がよいという。静岡県下には屋移り粥といって、長老が大黒柱にこの粥をそそぎ、祝い言を唱える例がある。新築の家に初めて移るとき、最初に持参するものには土地ごとに慣例があった。東京ではもと万年青(おもと)の鉢植えを持参したが、神棚、仏壇、臼杵(うすきね)、鍋釜(なべかま)、桶(おけ)に井戸水をくんだもの、漬物桶、牛馬などを持って行く例もある。

[大藤時彦]

[参照項目] | 地鎮祭 | 上棟式
地搗き
地衝図。『職人尽絵詞』 第2軸(部分) 原図は、鍬形蕙斎(北尾政美)画、杏花園(蜀山人)詞書国立国会図書館所蔵">

地搗き


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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