Ground effect

Japanese: 地面効果 - じめんこうか(英語表記)ground effect
Ground effect
When an aircraft flies near the ground or water, the flow around the wings and tail is bent by the influence of the ground or water, generating forces and moments different from those in free air. This phenomenon is collectively called ground effect, and affects aircraft takeoff and landing. This is particularly noticeable in helicopters, where the downwash of the rotors hits the ground, and less horsepower is required to hover. For this reason, a distinction is made between hovering capabilities in and out of ground effect. Vehicles that make active use of this effect by blowing air jets between the ground and the hull, lifting the hull with the cushion effect, and running at high speeds using propellers or jets are called GEMs (ground effect machines) or ACVs (air cushion vehicles). Air cushion boats are an example of a practical application of this effect.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
航空機が地面または水面の近くを飛行する場合,地面または水面の影響によって主翼や尾翼のまわりの流れが曲げられ,自由な大気中とは異なった力やモーメントを生ずる。この現象を総称して地面効果といい,航空機の離着陸などに影響を及ぼす。特にヘリコプタの場合は顕著で,回転翼 (ロータ) の吹きおろし気流 (ダウンウォッシュ) が地面をたたくような低い位置でホバリングをする場合は必要馬力が少なくてすむ。そのため地面効果内と効果外のホバリング能力を区別して取り扱う。また,この効果を積極的に利用して,地面と艇体の間に空気噴流を吹き込み,そのクッション効果により艇体を浮上させ,プロペラやジェットによって高速走行させる形式の乗物を GEM (ground effect machine)または ACV (air cushion vehicle)という。エアクッション艇はそれを実用化した例である。

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