A gas particle surrounded by liquid is called a bubble, and a gas particle surrounded by a thin film of liquid, or a group of such particles, is called a foam. Foam is a general term for gas bubbles and foam, and can be considered a type of colloid. However, the size of the gas particles in a bubble is much larger than that of normal colloid particles. [Shigeo Hayano] Foam generationFoam is formed when a gas dissolved in a liquid precipitates or when a gas is blown into the liquid. The foam that forms when you open a beer bottle is an example of the former, and soap bubbles that form when you blow air into a soapy solution with a straw is an example of the latter. Bubbles that form in a liquid rise to the surface and, if a stabilizer is present, either form a layer of foam or float in the air as independent bubbles. Stabilizers are necessary to maintain the life of the foam, and surfactants, also known as foaming agents, play this role. Stabilizers not only reduce the surface tension between the gas and the liquid, making it easier to create foam, but also arrange themselves on the surface of the foam to form an adsorption film, helping to stabilize the entire structure. [Shigeo Hayano] Foam propertiesLet us consider how the bubbles that are generated change when a large amount of gas is blown into an aqueous solution containing a foaming agent. As shown in (1) in , the liquid in the wall that separates the bubbles flows relatively quickly into the triangular area (T), and the liquid film becomes thinner and thinner. This process is called bubble drainage. When an ionic surfactant is used as the foaming agent, the limit state in which the film becomes thinner is when two molecules of the surfactant form an electric double layer with their hydrophilic groups facing the solution side, as shown in (2) in . The thickness of the film at this time is almost twice the length of the surfactant (about 5 nanometers). This thickness is much thinner than the wavelength of light, so it transmits light and appears dark, and is called a black film.[Shigeo Hayano] Use of foamFlotation is a method for extracting specific useful minerals from ores. This method utilizes the fact that minerals have different adhesion to foam, making it possible to treat low-grade minerals that were previously difficult to refine as resources. There is also a method of extinguishing a fire by sending a large amount of foam to the area where the fire has started, cutting off the air supply and using the cooling effect of the water in the foam. Small air bubbles are also generated when molding plastic products, and the solidified product is used in everyday life as foam rubber. [Shigeo Hayano] "Soap Bubbles: The Secret of Their Black Film" by Taro Tachibana (1975, Chuokoron-Shinsha) The air pressure inside a bubble tends to increase as the size of the bubble gets smaller. Therefore, when a small bubble and a large bubble are next to each other, the air in the small bubble moves to the large bubble, and in the end, only the large bubble remains (Laplace pressure). This diagram is a plan view to make it easier to understand the boundary part T that is created when four bubbles of the same size are gathered together. ©Shogakukan "> Properties of bubbles (Diagram) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
液体に囲まれた気体粒子を気泡といい、液体の薄膜で囲まれた気体粒子ならびにその集団を泡沫(ほうまつ)という。泡とは気泡や泡沫の総称であり、コロイドの一種とみなすことができる。しかしながら、泡の気体粒子の大きさは、通常のコロイド粒子に比べてはるかに大きい。 [早野茂夫] 泡の生成液体中に溶解している気体が析出する場合、あるいは液体中に気体を吹き込む場合に泡が発生する。ビールの栓を抜くときにできる泡は前者の例であり、ストローでせっけん液に空気を吹き込んでできるしゃぼん玉は後者の例である。液体中で発生した泡は液面に浮上し、安定剤が存在するときには泡の層をつくるか、または独立した気泡として空気中に浮遊する。安定剤は泡の寿命を保持するために必要であるが、起泡剤とも称し、界面活性剤がその役割を演じる。安定剤は気体‐液体間の表面張力を低下させて泡をつくりやすくするばかりでなく、泡の表面に配列して吸着膜をつくり、その構造全体を安定化するのに寄与している。 [早野茂夫] 泡の性質起泡剤を溶かした水溶液に多量の気体を吹き込み、このときに発生する泡がどのように変わるかを考えよう。 の(1)に示すように、泡を隔てている壁の部分の液体は、比較的速やかに三角地帯(T)に流れ込み、液膜はどんどん薄くなる。この過程は泡の排液とよばれる。起泡剤としてイオン性界面活性剤が使用される場合には、膜が薄くなる極限の状態は、 の(2)に示すような、2分子の界面活性剤が親水基を溶液側に相対して、電気二重層を形成したときで、このときの膜の厚さは界面活性剤の長さのほぼ2倍(約5ナノメートル)である。この厚さは、光の波長に比べてはるかに薄いので光を透過し、暗色を呈し、黒膜black filmと名づけられている。[早野茂夫] 泡の利用鉱石のなかから特定の有用な鉱物を取り出す方法に浮遊選鉱法がある。これは泡に対する付着性が鉱物により異なることを利用したもので、これまでは精錬が困難とされていた品位の低い鉱物も資源として扱えるようになった。また大量の泡を火災発生箇所に送り、空気の供給を遮断し、泡の水分による冷却の作用によって消火を行う方法がある。またプラスチック製品を成形するときに小さい気泡を発生させ、固化させた製品はフォームラバーとして日常生活に応用されている。 [早野茂夫] 『立花太郎著『しゃぼん玉――その黒い膜の秘密』(1975・中央公論社)』 泡の中の空気の圧力は、泡の大きさが小さくなるにつれて高くなる性質がある。したがって、小さい泡と大きい泡が隣り合うと、小さい泡の空気が大きい泡に移って、最後には大きい泡だけになってしまう(ラプラスの圧力)。この図は、同じ大きさの泡が4個集まったときにつくられる境界部分Tを理解しやすいように、平面図で表したものである©Shogakukan"> 泡の性質〔図〕 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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