Hanagoke - Hanagoke

Japanese: ハナゴケ - はなごけ
Hanagoke - Hanagoke

A type of lichen in the family Polytrichum. Found from lowlands to high mountains, it forms large colonies on the ground and on rocks. The lichen bodies are small and inconspicuous, and disappear when the pedicel grows. The pedicel is 3-10 cm tall. Numerous branches emerge from the thick central axis, but the ends of the branches are thin and inclined in the same direction. The surface of the pedicel is smooth and grayish white. The pedicels are rarely found at the tips of the pedicel branches. In the Arctic, it is used as fodder for reindeer. In Japan, it is used as decoration for shop windows. It is widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, and is commonly seen in Japan from Hokkaido to Kyushu.

The group of species in the genus Polytrichum in the family Polytrichum is collectively called reindeer lichen. All species have well-developed pedicels, many branches, and small lichens at the ends of the branches. The lichen body disappears early, leaving behind the pedicel. This group is classified according to differences in branching and chemical composition. There are about seven species known in Japan, but there are many in the Arctic, and sometimes the entire ground is covered with this polytrichum. All species are important as food for reindeer. The main species in the polytrichum are listed below.

(1) C. arbuscula (Wallr.) Rabh. var. beringiana Ahti It is very similar to C. arbuscula, but the stalks are yellowish. It grows from lowlands to high mountains, and is fairly common in Japan from Hokkaido to Shikoku. It is also distributed in North America and Siberia.

(2) C. stellaris (Opiz) Pouzar et Vézda It grows mostly in the alpine zone. The pedicels branch significantly and radiate with the branches being of roughly equal length, giving the plant a rounded overall shape. The entire pedicel (especially the tip) is yellowish. In Japan, it is found from Hokkaido to central Honshu. It is also distributed in northeastern Asia and North America.

(3) C. tenuiformis Ahti This species is very similar to C. tenuiformis Ahti, but the pedicels are dark greenish gray and the branches are slightly different in length. In Japan, it is found in the northern part of Honshu. It is also distributed in the Russian Federation (around the Ussuri River), the Korean Peninsula, and Taiwan.

[Hiroshi Inoue]

[References] | Lichens

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

地衣類ハナゴケ科の一種。低地から高山にまでみられ、地上、岩上などに大きな群落をつくる。地衣体は小さな鱗(うろこ)状で目だたず、子柄(しへい)が大きくなるころには消失する。子柄は高さ3~10センチメートル。中心になる太い軸には多数の枝が出るが、枝の先は細く、同じ方向に傾く。子柄の表面は滑らかで、灰白色。子器は子柄の枝の頂端にまれにつく。北極圏ではトナカイの飼料に利用される。また、日本ではショーウィンドーの飾りなどに用いられている。北半球に広く分布し、日本では北海道から九州にかけて普通にみられる。

 ハナゴケ科ハナゴケ属のなかの石蕊(せきずい)群とよばれる群を総称してハナゴケreindeer lichenということもある。いずれも子柄がよく発達し、分枝が多く、子器は枝の先につき、小さい。地衣体は、子柄を残して早くに消失する。この群の分類は、分枝の仕方や化学成分の相違によって行われる。日本で知られているのは7種ほどであるが、北極圏には多く、地表一面がこのハナゴケで覆われることもある。いずれもトナカイの飼料として重要である。以下、石蕊群に含まれるおもな種を示す。

(1)ワラハナゴケC. arbuscula (Wallr.) Rabh. var. beringiana Ahti ハナゴケによく似ているが、子柄が黄色を帯びる。低地から高山にかけて生育し、日本では北海道から四国にやや普通にみられる。また、北アメリカ、シベリアにも分布する。

(2)ミヤマハナゴケC. stellaris (Opiz) Pouzar et Vézda 高山帯に多く生育する。子柄の分枝が著しく、かつ、枝がほぼ同じ長さで放射状に分枝するため、全体としては丸みをもった形となる。子柄全体(とくに先端部)は黄色を帯びる。日本では北海道から本州中部にかけてみられる。また、アジア北東部、北アメリカにも分布する。

(3)ホソハナゴケC. tenuiformis Ahti ハナゴケによく似た種類であるが、子柄が暗緑灰色で、枝の長さはやや不同。日本では本州北部にみられる。また、ロシア連邦(ウスリー川周辺)、朝鮮半島、台湾にも分布する。

[井上 浩]

[参照項目] | 地衣類

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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