Finnish composer. Born in Hämeenlinna on December 8th. He showed early talent for violin and composition, and wrote several chamber music pieces on his own. In 1885 he entered the law department of the University of Helsinki, but the following year he abandoned his law studies and devoted himself to studying composition and the violin at the Helsinki Conservatory. In 1889 he studied in Berlin and then Vienna, where he was taught by A. Becker, K. Goldmark, and R. Fuchs. After returning to Japan in 1892 he began his creative endeavors while teaching at his alma mater. He achieved great success with his Kullervo Symphony (1892) for soloist, male chorus, and orchestra, based on the Finnish national epic poem Kalevala. He then wrote several orchestral works, including the symphonic poem En Saga (Legends) (1892), which was commissioned by the famous Finnish conductor Kajanus, and the Lemminkäinen Suite (1893-95), which includes The Swan of Tuonela. In 1897, he received a life pension from the state, and released Symphony No. 1 (1899), the symphonic poem Finlandia (1899), Symphony No. 2 (1901), and Violin Concerto in D minor (1903), establishing himself as a leading Finnish composer. After 1904, he retired to his villa in Järwenpää near Helsinki and devoted himself to composing. He produced a succession of masterpieces, including the symphonic fantasy "Die Pohjola's Daughter" (1906), Symphony No. 3 (1907), string quartet "Dear Voice" (1909), solo piece "Maiden of the Air" (1910), Symphony No. 4 (1911), and symphonic poem "The Minstrel" (1913). During this time, he also visited Berlin, London, Paris, and other cities several times, and in 1914 he also visited the United States. The concerts of his own compositions held in each place were a success, and his fame spread internationally. On December 8, 1915, his 50th birthday was celebrated as a national event, and at the celebration, his Symphony No. 5 was premiered. The works he composed in this period were relatively small, such as Ten Bagatelles for Piano (1916), Five Sketches of Flowers (1916), Sonatina for Violin and Piano (1915), and Five Pieces for Violin and Piano (1915). After World War I, he wrote Symphony No. 6 (1923), Symphony No. 7 (1924), the musical for the play "The Tempest" (1926), and the symphonic poem "Tapiola" (1925), which is said to be his last masterpiece. However, his creative drive suddenly waned after 1929, and after a hiatus of nearly 30 years, he passed away on September 20, 1957 in Yarmouth at the age of 91. Sibelius was initially influenced by German Romanticism and Russian national music, but gradually broke away from these influences and established his own style, with content and form that demonstrate classical simplicity, based on the spiritual foundations of Finnish mythology, history, and nature, especially the national epic poem "Kalevala." His symphonic works are particularly highly regarded for their organic musical structure and orchestration that draws on rich effects from the lean instrumentation. [Yumiko Terada] [References] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
フィンランドの作曲家。12月8日ハメーンリンナに生まれる。早くからバイオリンと作曲の才能を示し、独学でいくつかの室内楽曲を書く。1885年ヘルシンキ大学の法科に入学したが、翌年法律の勉強を捨て、ヘルシンキ音楽院で作曲とバイオリンの学習に専念した。89年ベルリン、ついでウィーンに留学し、A・ベッカーやK・ゴルトマルク、R・フックスの指導を受けた。帰国後92年より母校で教鞭(きょうべん)をとるかたわら、創作活動を開始。フィンランドの国民的大叙事詩『カレバラ』に基づく独唱・男声合唱・管弦楽のための『クレルボ交響曲』(1892)を発表して大成功を収めた。続いて数曲の管弦楽曲を書いたが、そのなかには、当時のフィンランドの名指揮者カヤヌスの依頼による交響詩『エン・サガ(伝説)』(1892)や、『トゥオネラの白鳥』を含む『レミンカイネン組曲』(1893~95)などがある。97年から国家より終身年金を受けるようになり、交響曲第1番(1899)、交響詩『フィンランディア』(1899)、交響曲第2番(1901)、バイオリン協奏曲ニ短調(1903)などを発表し、フィンランドの指導的作曲家としての地位を築いていった。1904年以後は、ヘルシンキ近郊のヤルウェンパーの別荘にこもり、作曲活動に専念。交響的幻想曲『ポヒョラの娘』(1906)、交響曲第3番(1907)、弦楽四重奏曲『親愛なる声』(1909)、独唱曲『大気の乙女』(1910)、交響曲第4番(1911)、交響詩『吟遊詩人』(1913)などの傑作が次々と生まれた。またこの間、ベルリン、ロンドン、パリなどを数度にわたって訪問、14年にはアメリカ合衆国をも訪れた。各地で行われた自作の演奏会は成功を収め、彼の名声は国際的に広まった。15年12月8日彼の50歳の誕生日が国民的行事として祝われ、その祝賀会で交響曲第5番が初演された。このころの作品は、ピアノのための10のバガテル(1916)、五つの花のスケッチ(1916)やバイオリンとピアノのソナチネ(1915)、バイオリンとピアノの五つの小品(1915)など比較的小規模なものに集中している。第一次世界大戦後、交響曲第6番(1923)、同第7番(1924)、劇音楽『テンペスト』(1926)、最後の最大傑作といわれる交響詩『タピオラ』(1925)などを書き上げたが、29年以降急に創作意欲が衰え、30年近くの空白期間ののち、57年9月20日ヤルウェンパーで91歳の生涯を閉じた。 シベリウスは、初めドイツ・ロマン派やロシア国民楽派の影響を受けたが、しだいにそこから脱却し、フィンランドの神話、歴史、自然、とくに民族的叙事詩『カレバラ』を精神的基調として、古典的簡潔さを示す内容と形式とをもった独自のスタイルを確立した。なかでも交響的作品は、有機的な楽曲構造とむだのない楽器編成から豊かな効果を引き出す管弦楽法とによって、高く評価されている。 [寺田由美子] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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