Gini coefficient - Gini coefficient

Japanese: ジニ係数 - ジニけいすう(英語表記)Gini coefficient
Gini coefficient - Gini coefficient
A measure of inequality or disparity in income and assets. It is named after the Italian statistician Corrado Gini, who proposed it. The Lorenz curve is used to calculate the Gini coefficient. In the case of income, the Lorenz curve ranks subjects from low to high income and shows them as a cumulative distribution. If the cumulative ratio of income is on the vertical axis and the cumulative ratio of the number of people is on the horizontal axis, a perfectly equal society in which everyone has the same income is represented by a 45° line. In contrast, in a perfectly unequal society in which one person monopolizes income and the rest of the people have 0 income, the cumulative distribution is inverse L-shaped. The Gini coefficient is twice the area enclosed by the 45° line and the Lorenz curve, and is 0 in a perfectly equal society and 1 in a completely unequal society. According to the 2009 National Survey of Family Income and Expenditure, Japan's Gini coefficient is 0.283. Although the survey years are different, according to the 2004 Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), the United States is 0.372 and the UK is 0.345, placing Japan in the middle of the pack among the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. On the other hand, looking at the time series, Japan's Gini coefficient has been on the rise, from 0.252 in 1984, to 0.265 in 1994, and 0.278 in 2004. This trend has also been observed in OECD countries, and is thought to be largely due to the progression of the aging population rather than a widening income gap. (→Income Distribution)

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
所得や資産の不平等あるいは格差をはかるための尺度の一つ。名称は,これを提案したイタリアの統計学者コラド・ジニにちなむ。ジニ係数の算出にはローレンツ曲線が用いられる。ローレンツ曲線は,所得の場合,対象者を低所得者から高所得者へ順に並べ,それを累積分布として表したものである。所得の累積比率を縦軸,人数の累積比率を横軸とすると,全員の所得が同じとなる完全平等社会は,累積分布が 45°線で表される。それに対し,1人が所得を独占し,残りの人々の所得が 0となる完全不平等社会では,累積分布が反 L字型となる。ジニ係数とは,45°線とローレンツ曲線で囲まれる部分の面積を 2倍したものであり,完全平等社会であれば 0,完全不平等社会であれば 1となる。日本のジニ係数は,2009年の全国消費実態調査によれば 0.283である。調査年は異なるが,2004年のルクセンブルク所得研究 LISによると,アメリカ合衆国は 0.372,イギリスは 0.345であり,日本は経済協力開発機構 OECD諸国のなかでは中位に属している。一方,時系列でみると,日本のジニ係数は 1984年 0.252,1994年 0.265,2004年 0.278と上昇傾向にある。この傾向は OECD諸国でも観測されており,所得格差の拡大というよりも,高齢化の進展によるところが大きいと考えられる。(→所得分布)

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