Tomobe

Japanese: 品部 - ともべ

[Noun] 1. Before the Ritsuryo system, a group of people who served the emperor in various functions under the control of a tomo no miyatsuko . Some lived in various places and lived with the farmers, paying tribute in the form of certain goods, while others regularly served the government and performed labor. They were named after the tribute or function they performed, and sometimes after the tomo no miyatsuko who was in charge. When the tomo no miyatsuko was powerful, they appeared as private citizens. Under the Ritsuryo system, they were emancipated and most became citizens. Shinabe. 2. A group of technicians who were retained as relics from the pre-Ritsuryo system and incorporated into the Ritsuryo system. Also, a group of people engaged in special duties. Within the government offices, there were full-time employees collectively known as tomo no miyatsuko , who were in charge of production and labor. In terms of status, the Shinabe were lower than citizens, somewhere between good citizens and lowly people. For example, the Ministry of Finance had 10 Baekjetebe and 6 Komabe, each with Baekje households and Koma households, and the Tenchutsuji had 10 Tomobe, called Miscellaneous Workers, to which the Miscellaneous Workers belonged. Shinabe. *Ryōshū-kai (701) Official: "Koki and Shaku, Separate Records, <Omitted> 30 Koma households in each village. 14 Koma households in Miya-gun. 6 Okomasome households. The above five types of people were divided into _two _ranks ."

Shinabe [Shinbe]

〘Noun〙① A general term for the be groups that provided tribute and service to the Yamato government in the pre-Taika period. A group of people who served the Imperial Court with a specific function. Each was led by a tomo no miyatsuko , and would contribute goods or go to work at the Imperial Court for a set period of time to provide labor. There were many be groups, including the inbe, yamabe, umakaibe , and kanuchibe . Tomobe. → Be. ② Under the ritsuryo system, many of the Shinabe from the pre-Taika period were freed, but this group included technicians who were not freed and remained enslaved to the various ritsuryo government offices. In terms of status, they were below citizens, and, along with the zakko and zoko, were considered somewhere between good and low. Tomobe.

Source: The Selected Edition of the Japanese Language Dictionary About the Selected Edition of the Japanese Language Dictionary Information

Japanese:

〘名〙① 令制前に、伴造(とものみやつこ)に管掌されて、種々の職能をもって大王に奉仕する人々の集団。各地に居住して農民と生活し一定の物品を貢納するものや、定期的に官に出仕して労役に服するものなどがある。貢納物や職能の名を冠して呼ばれ、また、管掌する伴造の名を冠して呼ばれることもある。伴造の勢力の強い時にはその私有民の様相を呈していた。令制下では解放されて大部分は公民となった。しなべ。② 令制前の遺制が令制に組込まれて存置された技術者の集団。また、特別の職務に従事する者の集団。官司の中に伴部(とものみやつこ)と総称される専従者が置かれ、これに指揮されて生産・労役に従事する。品部は身分的に公民よりも下で良民と賤民の中間。たとえば、大蔵省に百済手部一〇人・狛部六人があって、それぞれに百済戸・狛戸が属し、典鋳司には一〇人の雑工部と称する伴部を置き、これに雑工戸が属していた。しなべ。※令集解（701）職員「古記及釈云。別記云。〈略〉村々狛人三十戸。宮郡狛人十四戸。大狛染六戸。右五色人等為_二品部_一」

しな‐べ【品部】

〘名〙① 大化前代、大和政権に貢納・奉仕した部集団の総称。特定の職能をもって宮に奉仕する人民の集団。それぞれ伴造(とものみやつこ)に率いられ、物資を貢献したり、一定期間朝廷に出勤して労力を提供したりする。忌部(いんべ)・山部・馬養部(うまかいべ)・鍛冶部(かぬちべ)など、多くの部がある。ともべ。→部(べ)。② 令制下では、大化前代の品部の多くは解放されたが、解放されず令制諸官司に隷属した技術者集団。身分的には公民の下に位置し、雑戸(ざっこ・ぞうこ)と共に良賤の中間とされた。ともべ。

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