Maki - Maki

Japanese: 牧 - まき

An area established for the purpose of grazing and raising and breeding horses. Under the ancient ritsuryo system, official ranches were mainly used to raise horses to be supplied to military corps in each province, but with the collapse of the military corps system, they were reorganized in the early 9th century, and according to the Engishiki, there were three types of ranches: the provincial ranches (official ranches) that were under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of War (Hyobusho) and originated from the official ranches under the ritsuryo system; the imperial ranches (imperial ranches) that were under the jurisdiction of the Soumeryo to supply horses and cattle to the Imperial Household; and the Kinto ranches (near-city ranches) for raising tribute horses and cattle. The cattle and horses were paid as annual taxes and provided to the Imperial family and officials. From around the 9th and 10th centuries, the number of private ranches of powerful families and local feudal lords increased, and public ranches were also privately run, which were later developed into manors. In the Middle Ages, when soldiers and horses were important, ranches often became the basis for the emergence of samurai groups, and even in the Edo period, the shogunate and various feudal domains established public ranches to breed high-quality horses for military purposes. → Chichibu Farm / Mochizuki Farm / Tarumisou → Related topics Okaya Farm | Kusunoki Farm | Imperial Estate | Shichiro Farm | Tanegashima | Tarumi East Farm / Tarumi West Farm | Torikai Farm | Pasture

Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

牛馬を放牧し，その飼育・増殖を目的に設定された区域。古代令制の官牧は，主として諸国の軍団に支給する馬を飼育したが，軍団制の崩壊で９世紀初めに再編成され，《延喜式》の規定では兵部省(ひょうぶしょう)所管で令制の官牧に由来する諸国牧（官牧）と，左右馬寮(そうめりょう)所管で皇室牛馬供給のための御牧(みまき)（勅旨牧），貢上牛馬飼養のための近都牧(きんとのまき)の３種となる。牛馬は年貢として貢進し，皇族・官人に支給された。９―10世紀ころから権門や地方豪族の私牧が増加し，公牧も私牧化，これらはのちに開発により荘園化していく。兵馬が重要視された中世には，牧は武士団発生の基盤となることが多く，江戸時代にも幕府・諸藩は公牧を設けて軍備のための良馬育成に努めた。→秩父牧／望月牧／垂水荘
→関連項目岡屋牧｜楠葉牧｜皇室領｜質侶牧｜種子島｜垂水東牧・垂水西牧｜鳥養牧｜放牧

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