A quantity that indicates the amount of water vapor in the air, the degree of humidity, etc. Atmospheric humidity varies depending on the location, altitude, time, etc., and has a significant impact on human life as well as being an important factor in meteorology. [Masaji Ota] How to express humidityThe amount of water vapor contained in a unit volume of air is sometimes expressed as, for example, 15 grams per cubic meter. This is called absolute humidity. There is a limit to the amount of water vapor that can be contained in air, and normally air cannot contain more than this limit. This limit is called the amount of water vapor that is saturated. The amount of saturated water vapor varies depending on the air temperature at the time; for example, at an air temperature of 0°C, it is 4.8 grams per cubic meter, and at an air temperature of 15°C, it is 12.8 grams. Sometimes the air contains more water vapor than the limit, a phenomenon known as supersaturation, but in the atmosphere, the amount of water vapor that exceeds the limit, even if it occurs temporarily, immediately drops back to within the limit and does not last long. Relative humidity, or simply humidity, is calculated by dividing the amount of water vapor in the air at a certain place and time by the maximum amount of water vapor that can be contained at the temperature at that time (i.e., the amount of saturated water vapor), and multiplying the result by 100 to express it as a percentage. A relative humidity of 10% is extremely dry, while a relative humidity of 90% is extremely humid. Humidity is used as a guide to knowing how moist the air is. The ratio of the amount of water vapor contained in a unit volume of air to the amount of remaining air is called the mixing ratio, and is usually expressed in grams of water vapor and kilograms of air. This is used in meteorology for air mass analysis. [Masaji Ota] How to measure humidityMeasuring humidity is one of the more difficult meteorological measurements. The psychrometer has been used for meteorological observations since ancient times, and is still widely used around the world. A psychrometer is made by lining up two ordinary thermometers, one to measure the temperature, and the other wrapped around two layers of gauze. The gauze is soaked in water to make a wet bulb, which is used to gauge the rate at which water evaporates. Usually, five or six cotton threads are tied to the gauze, and the ends of the threads are dipped in a small cup of water, so that water is constantly added little by little, so that the wet bulb never dries out and is always moist. In places where the temperature does not drop significantly below freezing, this method can measure humidity quite accurately, and it is easy to operate and inexpensive. The psychrometer is placed in a Stevenson screen, or hung in a well-ventilated location out of the sun. By reading the readings on one thermometer (called the dry bulb) and the wet bulb, you can use the table to find the relative humidity. Note that when the temperature drops below 0°C, the wet bulb may freeze, so you must first check whether it is frozen or not before using the table. There are various types of hygrometers, such as ventilation psychrometers and hair hygrometers, as well as various other types with different measurement methods. [Masaji Ota] Humidity distributionRelative humidity can be below 10% or approach 100%, and varies greatly from place to place. Except for desert regions, where humidity is extremely low, the annual average humidity around the world is 65-85%. In Japan, the annual average humidity is 70-80%. The absolute humidity is about 18 grams per cubic meter of air in the equatorial zone and about 6 grams in the polar regions. The absolute humidity decreases the higher you go, and at an altitude of 5 kilometers it is about one-tenth of the value on the ground. [Masaji Ota] Humidity changesThe diurnal change in relative humidity at a given location is influenced by changes in the temperature of that location, and generally, when the temperature is high, the humidity is low and when the temperature is low, the humidity is high. In Tokyo, for example, the relative humidity is lowest at about 60% around 2:00 p.m. and highest at about 85% around 6:00 a.m. On the other hand, the diurnal change in absolute humidity is not directly influenced by temperature, but when the temperature is high, evaporation from the nearest water surface (such as the sea surface) becomes active, resulting in the replenishment of water vapor, so that absolute humidity is high when the temperature is high and low when the temperature is low. In Tokyo, for example, it is high (about 10.6 grams per cubic meter) around 6:00 p.m. and low (about 9.8 grams per cubic meter) around 5:00 a.m. [Masaji Ota] Humidity RecordLooking at the results of past meteorological observations in Japan, the lowest relative humidity was 0% at the summit of Mt. Fuji and at the summit of Mt. Ibuki in Shiga Prefecture, and 3% on the plains in Kagoshima City. Extremely dry conditions with a relative humidity of less than 10% occur all over Japan, but seasonally they are most common from March to May. [Masaji Ota] Effective HumidityIt is a kind of index that shows the degree of dryness of wood. The dryness of wood is affected not only by the dryness of the air at that time, but also by the dryness of the air from several days before. Therefore, it was experimentally found that an index close to the dryness of wood can be obtained by calculating as follows. First, the average relative humidity for the day, the day before, the day before, etc. is found, and the value for the day is multiplied by 1.0, the value for the day before by 0.7, the value for the day before by 0.7 squared (i.e. 0.49), the value for the day before that by 0.7 cubed (i.e. 0.34), and so on, and then all these are added together. The resulting value is then multiplied by 0.3. The value calculated in this way, taking into account the influence of humidity not only for the day, but also for the day before and the day before, is called the effective humidity. It is said that if the effective humidity falls below 60%, the wood becomes extremely dry and fires are more likely to occur. This type of dryness occurs particularly frequently on the Pacific coast during the winter monsoon, and on the Sea of Japan coast in early spring when the föhn phenomenon occurs. [Masaji Ota] [Reference item] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
空気中の水蒸気の量や、空気の湿りぐあいの程度などを表す量。大気中の湿度は、場所や高さや時刻などによって異なり、人間の生活に大きく影響するほか、気象学上重要な要素である。 [大田正次] 湿度の表し方単位体積の空気中に含まれている水蒸気の量を、たとえば1立方メートル中15グラムなどと表すことがある。これを絶対湿度という。空気中に含まれる水蒸気の量には限界があって、通常はその限度以上に水蒸気を含むことはできない。この限度の水蒸気の量を飽和水蒸気量という。飽和水蒸気量はそのときの空気の温度によって変わり、たとえば気温0℃では1立方メートル中に4.8グラム、気温15℃では12.8グラムである。過飽和現象といって、限度以上の水蒸気を含むこともあるが、大気中では限度以上の水蒸気を含むことは、たとえ一時的におこっても、ただちに限度内に下がり長続きしない。 ある場所のある時刻における大気中の水蒸気量を、そのときの気温で含みうる最大の水蒸気量、すなわち飽和水蒸気量で割り、それに100を掛けてパーセント(%)で表したものを相対湿度といい、また単に湿度ということもある。相対湿度10%は著しく乾燥した状態であり、相対湿度90%は逆に著しく湿った状態である。湿度は空気の湿りぐあいを知る目安となっている。 単位体積の空気中に含まれている水蒸気の量と、残りの空気の量との比を混合比といい、普通、水蒸気量をグラム、空気の量をキログラムで表して比をとる。これは気象学で気団分析などに用いられる。 [大田正次] 湿度の測り方湿度の測定は気象観測のなかではむずかしいものの一つである。古くから気象観測で常用され、いまでも世界各国で広く用いられているのは乾湿計である。乾湿計は、普通の温度計を2本並べ、1本では気温を測り、他の1本は、ガーゼを2枚くらいあわせて巻き付け、このガーゼに水をつけて湿球とし、水分の蒸発の速さの目安とする。普通ガーゼに木綿糸を5、6本縛り付け、糸の先を小さなコップの水ために浸して、つねにすこしずつ水を補給する仕組みとなっているので、湿球は乾くことなくいつでも湿っている。気温が氷点以下に大きく下がらないような場所では、この方法は案外正確に湿度の測定ができ、かつ操作も簡単で費用も安い。この乾湿計を百葉箱(ひゃくようばこ)に入れておくか、または陽(ひ)の当たらない風通しのよい位置に吊(つ)るす。一方の温度計(乾球という)の示度と、湿球の示度を読めば、それから表を用いて相対湿度を求めることができる。なお気温が0℃以下になると、湿球は凍る場合があるので、まず凍っているかいないかを確かめてから表を用いる。 湿度計としては通風乾湿計、毛髪湿度計などのほか、測定方法の違う各種のものがある。 [大田正次] 湿度の分布相対湿度は10%以下になることもあるし、100%に近くなることもあり、場所による変化は著しい。きわめて湿度の小さい砂漠地方を除くと、世界各地の年平均湿度は65~85%である。日本の年平均湿度は70~80%である。 絶対湿度は赤道地帯で空気1立方メートル中18グラム、極地方で6グラム程度である。絶対湿度は上空ほど小さくなり、高さ5キロメートルでは地上の値の約10分の1くらいになる。 [大田正次] 湿度の変化ある場所での相対湿度の日変化は、その場所の気温の変化によって左右され、一般的には気温が高いときには湿度は小さく、気温が低いと湿度が高い。東京の例でみると、相対湿度は午後2時ごろに約60%でもっとも小さく、朝の6時ごろ約85%でもっとも大きい。一方、絶対湿度の日変化は直接に気温によって左右されることはないが、気温が高いと最寄りの水面(海面など)からの蒸発が盛んとなり、その結果水蒸気が補給されるので、気温が高いころに絶対湿度は大きくなり、気温が低いころに小さくなる。東京の例では、午後6時ごろに大きく(約10.6グラム毎立方メートル)、午前5時ごろ小さく(約9.8グラム毎立方メートル)なる。 [大田正次] 湿度の記録日本のこれまでの気象観測の結果を調べてみると、相対湿度のもっとも小さい値は富士山頂と滋賀県伊吹(いぶき)山頂で0%、平地では鹿児島市の3%である。相対湿度が10%以下のきわめて乾いた状態は日本各地でおこっているが、季節でみると3~5月に多い。 [大田正次] 実効湿度木材などの乾燥の度合いを表す示数の一種である。木材の乾燥度はそのときの空気の乾燥度だけではなく、数日前からの空気の乾燥度の影響を受ける。そこで次のように計算すれば、木材の乾燥の度合いに近い示数が得られることが実験的にわかった。まず、当日、前日、前々日、……などの1日中の平均の相対湿度を調べ、当日の値には1.0、前日の値には0.7を掛け、前々日には0.7の2乗すなわち0.49を掛け、その前の日の値には0.7の3乗すなわち0.34を掛けるなどして、それらを全部加え合わせる。その結果の値にさらに0.3を掛ける。このように当日のみならず前日、前々日などの湿度の影響を加味して求めた値を実効湿度という。実効湿度が60%以下に下がると、木材の乾燥が甚だしく、火災がおこりやすいといわれている。このような乾燥状態は、冬の季節風のときの太平洋側や、春先にフェーン現象のおこる日本海側などにとくに多く発生する。 [大田正次] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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