July Revolution (English: July Revolution)

Japanese: 七月革命 - しちがつかくめい（英語表記）Révolution de Juillet フランス語

The French Revolution of July 1830 which overthrew the Bourbon Restoration monarchy.

[Haruhiko Hattori]

Causes of the Revolution

From around 1825, dissatisfaction at all levels of the population with the blatant reactionary policies of Charles X deepened, and the economic depression of 1827 and 1828 intensified this dissatisfaction. In the 1827 elections for the lower house, the anti-government party won a majority, but when the radical royalist Polignac formed a cabinet in August 1829, the rebellion of bourgeois liberals, students, and the common people rapidly intensified. In March 1830, the king's opening speech to the parliament was a threatening one, hinting at the use of emergency powers to maintain public security, and the lower house expressed its distrust of the cabinet and its refusal to cooperate with it in the "221 Letters of Response." The king dissolved the parliament on May 16, but the election results were a landslide victory for the anti-government party, so on July 25 he issued a decree suspending the freedom of periodical publications, dissolving the unconvened parliament, amending the electoral law, and ordering elections in September. The July Decree aimed to deprive anti-government forces of the means to engage in political activity by strengthening censorship of freedom of speech, and to create a parliament in which government supporters would hold a majority by changing the electoral law to favor large landowners.

[Haruhiko Hattori]

Process and outcome

In response to this edict, Parisian journalists drafted a joint protest letter led by Thiers on July 26th, and the police crackdown on liberal newspapers on the following day, the 27th, sparked an armed uprising by Parisians, including workers, ordinary people, and students. On the 28th, street fighting between the people and the royal army raged all day, but the people gradually overwhelmed the military, and on the 29th they finally entered the Louvre Palace, and by noon Paris was completely back in the hands of the revolutionaries. With the victory of the uprising, liberal politicians led by the great banker Lafitte organized a city committee to take control of the situation, and on the 30th they declared the end of the rule of the House of Bourbon, installing Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans, known as a progressive royalist, as deputy to the king, and succeeded in preventing the establishment of a republic, which the leaders of the uprising had aimed for. The July Revolution decisively destroyed the political domination of the Bourbon aristocracy, the large landowners, but the fruits of the popular revolution during the "Three Glorious Days" from the 27th to the 29th were snatched away by the big bourgeoisie. Charles X wanted his grandson, the Duke of Bordeaux (later Count of Chambord), to succeed him to the throne, but the Duke of Orléans did not approve, and the king went into exile in England. On August 3rd, the Duke of Orléans convened a parliament and announced the revision of the 1814 Charter, and the revised charter drafted by Lafitte, Thiers and others was passed by both houses of parliament on the 7th. This deleted the preamble of the old charter, which preached the legitimacy of the Bourbon monarchy, and the provision on the king's emergency decree power, and also granted the right to initiate laws, which had previously been monopolized by the king, to both houses of parliament. On August 9, the Duke of Orléans received the title "King of the French" from the Parliament, swore himself to the throne and officially inaugurated the July Monarchy.

The success of the July Revolution had a major impact on the European countries under the Vienna System, and liberal and nationalist movements arose in various places, but with the exception of Belgium winning independence from the Netherlands, they were suppressed by reactionary forces.

[Haruhiko Hattori]

[References] | July Monarchy

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

1830年7月、フランスにおいてブルボン復古王政が倒された革命をいう。

［服部春彦］

革命の原因

1825年ごろからシャルル10世の露骨な反動政策に対して国民各層の不満が深まり、27、28年の経済不況がそれをいっそう激化させた。27年の下院選挙では反政府派が過半数を制したが、29年8月過激王党のポリニャックが内閣を組織すると、ブルジョア自由主義者と学生、小市民ら共和派の反抗が急速に強まった。30年3月の国王の議会開会演説は、公安維持のために非常大権の行使をほのめかす威嚇的なもので、下院は「221名の奉答文」によって内閣に対する不信と協力拒否を表明した。国王は5月16日議会を解散したが、選挙の結果は反政府派の圧勝となったため、7月25日勅令を発して定期刊行物の自由の停止、未招集議会の解散、選挙法改正、9月選挙を命じた。この七月勅令は、言論統制の強化によって反政府派の政治活動の手段を奪うとともに、選挙法を大土地所有者に有利に改めることによって政府派が多数を占める議会を創出しようとするものであった。

［服部春彦］

経過と帰結

この勅令に対してパリのジャーナリストは、7月26日チエールを中心に共同抗議文を起草、翌27日自由主義的新聞に対する警察の弾圧を口火に、労働者、小市民、学生らパリ民衆の武装蜂起(ほうき)が起こった。28日には民衆と国王軍との間に終日市街戦が展開されたが、民衆はしだいに軍隊を圧倒し、29日にはついにルーブル宮に侵入、正午過ぎにはパリは完全に革命側の手に帰した。蜂起の勝利とともに大銀行家ラフィットを中心とする自由主義政治家たちは、市委員会を組織して事態の主導権を握り、30日ブルボン家の支配の終焉(しゅうえん)を宣言、進歩的王族として知られていたオルレアン公ルイ・フィリップを国王代理官の地位につけ、蜂起指導者が目ざしていた共和国の樹立を阻止することに成功した。七月革命は、ブルボン派の旧貴族＝大土地所有者の政治支配を決定的に打ち破ったが、しかし27～29日の「光栄の三日間」の民衆革命の成果は、大ブルジョアの手に摘み取られたのである。シャルル10世は、王位を孫ボルドー公（後のシャンボール伯）に継がせようとしたが、オルレアン公はこれを認めず、王はイギリスへの亡命の途についた。8月3日、オルレアン公は議会を招集して1814年憲章の改正を告げ、ラフィット、チエールらにより起草された修正憲章が7日両院で可決された。これはブルボン王権の正統性を説く旧憲章の前文と国王の緊急勅令発布権の規定を削除し、かつ、従来国王が独占していた法律発議権を上下両院にも認めるものであった。8月9日、オルレアン公は議会から「フランス人の王」の称号を受け、自ら修正憲章に宣誓して王位につき、正式に七月王政が発足した。

　七月革命の成功は、ウィーン体制下のヨーロッパ諸国に大きな影響を与え、各地で自由主義、民族主義の運動が起こったが、ベルギーがオランダから独立をかちとったほかは、反動勢力によって鎮圧された。

［服部春彦］

[参照項目] | 七月王政

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