Sequoia - Californian redwood

Japanese: セコイア - せこいあ(英語表記)Californian redwood
Sequoia - Californian redwood

A large evergreen tree of the family Cupressaceae (classification based on molecular phylogeny: Cupressaceae). It is also called Sequoia sempervirens, Sequoia meseng, and Japanese yew. It is the tallest tree in the world, with the tallest reaching 120 meters in height and 8.5 meters in diameter at the base, forming a cone-shaped tree. The bark is reddish brown, fibrous, thick, elongated, and splits vertically. It has the tendency to sprout easily from stumps and bark. The branches are somewhat thin, densely arranged in whorls, horizontal or slightly drooping, and glossy. The leaves are alternate, linear lanceolate, about 2 cm long, dark green on the upper surface, and have two white stomatal lines on the left and right of the midvein on the underside. Monoecious. It blooms from April to May. The male flowers are small and grow at the tips of the twigs. The female flowers are terminal and covered with 14-20 scales. The cones are ovoid, 1.5-2.5 cm long and 1.2-1.8 cm in diameter, and ripen black-brown in October-November. The stalk consists of scale leaves. The scales have 15-25 pieces and form a compressed quadrilateral. The seeds are elliptical, 5 mm long, 4 mm wide, and have narrow wings on both sides. The sapwood is pale orange and the heartwood is deep brown-red, with beautiful grain. It is also light, splits easily, is easy to work with, and has little warping, so it is used for buildings, tools, civil engineering materials, etc. The trees are planted in parks and gardens.

The genus name Sequoia is said to be named after a chief of the Cherokee, a native people of North America. It is a plant that is thought to have flourished on Earth from the Cretaceous Period of the Mesozoic Era to the Miocene Period of the Cenozoic Era, and is currently distributed naturally over an area of ​​about 800 kilometers long and 600 kilometers wide from southwestern Oregon on the Pacific coast of the United States to the Monterey region of California. It mainly grows in mountainous areas 700 to 1000 meters above sea level near the coast. Fossils of this species have been found all over Japan. Also, those planted in warm areas west of the Kanto region grow well, and the largest ones currently reach a height of 45 meters and a diameter of 1.4 meters.

Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lind.) Buchholz, a big-tree or mammoth tree that resembles a sequoia, was once part of the Sequoia genus, but is now considered a separate genus and is also called the giganto sequoia. It is 100 meters tall and 10 meters in diameter at the base, making it the world's largest and oldest tree. The leaves are needle-shaped and spirally arranged on the branches, and at first glance resemble cedar leaves, but on mature branches they become almost scale-like. It is monoecious. It flowers from January to March. It produces one or several cones, which are ovoid, 5 to 8 cm long and 4 to 5 cm in diameter. They are upright at first, but later droop, and mature to reddish brown in August to September of the following year. The seeds are oblong, thin, and have narrow wings. It is thought to have grown abundantly on Earth in the late Tertiary period of the Cenozoic Era, but is now only found naturally in Yosemite Valley in California. In Japan, it is susceptible to red blight and does not grow well, but it grows well in Europe, the United States, Australia, New Zealand, etc. Another tree with the name "sequoia" is the metasequoia (Japanese name: Akebonosugi), but this is also considered to be in a different genus from sequoia.

[Yayoi Hayashi, June 19, 2018]

[References] | Metasequoia

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

スギ科(分子系統に基づく分類:ヒノキ科)の常緑大高木。センペル・セコイア、セコイアメスギ、イチイモドキともいう。世界でもっとも高い樹木で、最高のものは高さ120メートル、根元は径8.5メートルに達し、円錐(えんすい)形の樹形をつくる。樹皮は赤褐色、繊維質で厚く、細長く縦に裂ける。切り株や樹肌(きはだ)からよく萌芽(ほうが)する性質がある。枝はやや細く、輪生状に密生し、水平またはやや下垂し、光沢がある。葉は互生し、線状披針(ひしん)形で長さ約2センチメートル、表面は暗緑色、裏面の中央脈の左右に白色の気孔線が2本ある。雌雄同株。4~5月に開花する。雄花は小さく、小枝の先端につく。雌花は14~20個の鱗片(りんぺん)に覆われ、頂生する。球果は卵形で長さ1.5~2.5センチメートル、径1.2~1.8センチメートル、10~11月に黒褐色に熟す。果柄は鱗片葉からなる。果鱗は15~25片あり、圧扁(あつへん)四辺形をなす。種子は楕円(だえん)形で長さ5ミリメートル、幅4ミリメートル、両側に狭い翼がある。材は、辺材は淡橙(たんとう)色、心材は深褐赤色をなし、木目が美しい。また軽く、割裂性が高く、工作が容易で狂いも少ないため、建築、器具、土木用材などに利用する。木は公園や庭園に植えられる。

 属名のセコイアは、北アメリカの先住民チェロキーの族長の名をとったものといわれる。中生代白亜紀から新生代中新世にかけて地球上に繁茂していたと考えられる植物で、現在アメリカ太平洋岸のオレゴン州南西部からカリフォルニア州モンテレー地方まで、長さ約800キロメートル、幅600キロメートルにわたって天然分布している。主として、海岸寄りの海抜700~1000メートルの山地に自生する。日本では至る所で本種の化石が出ている。また、関東地方以西の暖地に植栽したものはよく生育し、現在最大のものは高さ45メートル、径1.4メートルに達する。

 セコイアによく似たセコイアオスギbig-tree, mammoth tree/Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lind.) Buchholzはかつてはセコイア属に含まれていたが、今日では別属として扱われ、ギガント・セコイアともいう。高さ100メートル、根元は径10メートル、世界最大の太さと最高樹齢の樹木とされている。葉は針形で枝に螺旋(らせん)状につき、一見スギの葉に似るが、成熟枝ではほとんど鱗片状となる。雌雄同株。1~3月に開花する。球果は1~数個つき、卵形で長さ5~8センチメートル、径4~5センチメートル。初めは直立するがのちに下垂し、翌年8~9月に赤褐色に成熟する。種子は長楕円形で薄く、狭い翼がある。新生代第三紀後半の地球上に繁茂していたと考えられるが、現在はカリフォルニア州のヨセミテ峡谷にのみ天然分布する。日本では赤枯病などにかかり、よく育たないが、欧米、オーストラリア、ニュージーランドなどではよく育つ。ほかにセコイアの名がつくものにメタセコイア(和名アケボノスギ)があるが、これもセコイアとは別属とされる。

[林 弥栄 2018年6月19日]

[参照項目] | メタセコイア

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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