July Monarchy (English: Monarchie de Juillet, French)

Japanese: 七月王政 - しちがつおうせい（英語表記）Monarchie de Juillet フランス語

The monarchy of Louis Philippe (1830-1848) was established in France as a result of the July Revolution.

[Haruhiko Hattori]

General personality

After the Restoration was overthrown by the Paris uprising of July 1830, liberal politicians in parliament, led by Lafitte, prevented the emergence of the republic that the people desired and established the July Monarchy under Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans. From the standpoint of popular sovereignty, they amended the "Charter of 1814" and deleted the preamble that preached the legitimacy of the Bourbon monarchy, and emphasized the new monarchy's connection to the French Revolution by adopting the title "King of the French" and the tricolor flag. The new charter also abolished the king's emergency decree issuing power and the hereditary system of senators that were recognized in the old charter, and gave the right to initiate laws to both the king and the two houses of parliament. However, the king was still recognized with wide-ranging powers, including a monopoly on executive powers, and it cannot be said that the supremacy of parliament was established in the national system. In fact, Louis Philippe was not satisfied with being a constitutional monarch in the English style, and wanted to "reign and govern" himself, which led to frequent conflicts with the National Assembly and the Cabinet during the first half of his reign. Furthermore, in order to strengthen their influence over the National Assembly, the King and the Cabinet created a large number of civil servants in the National Assembly by distributing administrative posts to members of the National Assembly. This distortion of parliamentary politics due to collusion between the executive branch and members of the National Assembly was one of the characteristics of the July Monarchy. However, what is more important than this point is that the strict restricted electoral system was maintained during this period, and the path to political participation was still closed to the vast majority of the people. The electoral law of April 1931 slightly reduced the amount of tax required to become an elector or candidate for the National Assembly, but the number of people with voting rights still remained at around 200,000 (0.6% of the total population).

The Industrial Revolution in France began in the early 19th century, but the July Monarchy was the period when it really took off. During this period, the cotton and wool industries saw the introduction of steam engines to spinning mills and the mechanization of the weaving process, new technologies also spread rapidly in the mining and steel industries, and the construction of railways, which began in 1823, exceeded 1,000 kilometers of operating distance by 1846. The ruling classes under the July Monarchy, replacing the old aristocracy under the Restoration, were bourgeois landlords, big bankers, big merchants, and big industrialists, but it was the big business bourgeoisie, often called the financial aristocracy, who held the lead in politics. However, with the progress of the Industrial Revolution, small and medium-sized industrial capitalists, mainly in the textile industry, grew remarkably, and they became increasingly dissatisfied with the oligarchy of the upper bourgeoisie. Furthermore, the small masters and workers in the traditional handicraft sector, who became increasingly impoverished under the rule of big capital, allied with republicans inside and outside of parliament and launched a fierce resistance movement.

[Haruhiko Hattori]

Political Process

The Orléanist bourgeoisie, who seized political power after the July Revolution, were divided into the Movement faction, which was active in liberal reforms, and the conservative Resistance faction. The first person to take power after the Revolution was the Movement faction's Lafitte, but he failed to contain the social unrest and was dismissed in March 1831, and the Resistance faction's Perrier formed a cabinet in his place. The Resistance faction would remain in power under several prime ministers until 1848. From 1831 to 1834, there were frequent disturbances by republicans, the common people, and workers, including two revolts by silk workers in Lyon. The Resistance government mobilized the military to severely suppress the civil unrest, and strengthened control over speech, publications, and associations in an effort to suppress anti-establishment movements, establishing a system of dominance for the upper bourgeoisie by 1835. Then, during the government of Louis Mathieu, comte Molé (1781-1855) from 1836 to 1839, the king began to actively intervene in politics. The powers of the prime minister were reduced, ministerial positions were filled by second-rate people loyal to the king, and a large number of civil servants who acted at the government's whims were created in parliament. However, in opposition to this personal rule by the king, an alliance was formed to defend parliamentary politics, centered around Guizot and Thiers, and they defeated the government faction in the lower house elections in March 1839. In that same year, against the backdrop of an economic recession, revolutionary republicans including Blanqui rioted in Paris, and the movement to expand suffrage gained momentum in various places. In the following year, 1840, Prime Minister Thiers took a hard-line approach to Britain on the Eastern Question, increasing the anxiety of the king and the upper bourgeoisie, who placed importance on cooperation with Britain. Under these circumstances, the king dismissed Thiers in October 1840 and ordered the conservative Guizot to form a cabinet.

With the support of the King, Guizot was in charge of politics as Foreign Minister until September 1847, and then as Prime Minister, but while he sought the interests of large industrial and banking capital, such as by providing financial support from the national treasury to railway companies, he stubbornly refused to implement political and social reforms, including the expansion of suffrage. The economic depression of 1846 and 1847 intensified the dissatisfaction of the small and medium bourgeoisie, workers, and peasants against the Guizot government, and dynastic opponents such as Camille Hyacinthe Odilon Barrot (1791-1873) joined forces with republicans to launch the Reform Party Movement. In 1848, the Guizot government suppressed this, leading to a popular uprising in Paris on February 22 (the February Revolution), which led to the overthrow of the July Monarchy.

[Haruhiko Hattori]

"Haruhiko Hattori, "The French Restoration and the July Monarchy" (included in "Iwanami Lecture Series World History 19: Modern Period 6", 1971, Iwanami Shoten)" ▽ "Yasuo Nakagi, "French Political History, Vol. 1" (1975, Miraisha)"

[Reference items] | July Revolution | February Revolution

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

フランスで七月革命の結果成立したルイ・フィリップの王政（1830～48）。

［服部春彦］

一般的性格

1830年7月のパリ民衆の蜂起(ほうき)によって復古王政が打倒されたのち、ラフィットを中心とする議会の自由主義政治家は、民衆が望んだ共和国の出現を阻止して、オルレアン公ルイ・フィリップによる七月王政を樹立した。彼らは、国民主権の立場から「1814年の憲章」に修正を加え、ブルボン王権の正統性を説くその前文を削除するとともに、「フランス人の王」の称号や三色旗の採用によって、新しい王政のフランス革命とのつながりを強調した。新憲章はまた、旧憲章が認めていた国王の緊急勅令発布権や上院議員の世襲制を廃止し、国王とともに上下両院にも法律発議権を与えたが、しかし国王はなお執行権の独占をはじめ広範な権限を認められており、国制上、議会の優位が確立されたとはいえない。実際、ルイ・フィリップは、イギリス風の立憲君主たることに満足せず、自ら「君臨しかつ統治する」ことを望んだので、治世の前半には議会や内閣としばしば対立することになった。また、国王、内閣は議会に対する影響力を強化するために、議員への行政ポストの分配によって多数の官吏議員をつくりだしたが、このような行政府と議員の癒着による議会政治の歪曲(わいきょく)は七月王政の一つの特徴であった。しかしこの点にもまして重要なのは、この時期にも厳重な制限選挙制が維持され、国民の圧倒的多数が依然、政治参加への道を閉ざされていたことである。31年4月の選挙法は、下院の選挙人および被選挙人となるのに必要な納税額を若干引き下げたが、しかし選挙権所有者はなお20万人前後（総人口の0.6％）にとどまったのである。

　フランスにおける産業革命は19世紀初頭に始まったが、七月王政期はその本格的展開期にあたっている。この時期に綿工業、羊毛工業では、紡績工場への蒸気機関の導入と織布工程の機械化が進み、鉱山・製鉄業でも新技術が急速に広まり、また1823年に始まった鉄道建設も46年には営業キロ数1000キロメートルを超えた。復古王政下の旧貴族にかわって七月王政下に支配階級を形成したのは、ブルジョア地主と大銀行家、大商人、大工業家であったが、政治の主導権を握っていたのは、しばしば金融貴族とよばれる実業大ブルジョアであった。しかし、産業革命の進展とともに繊維工業を中心に中小の産業資本家層が目覚ましい成長を遂げ、彼らは上層ブルジョアの寡頭支配に対して不満を強めるに至る。さらに、大資本の支配の下で貧困の度を強めた伝統的手工業部門の小親方、労働者層は、議会内外の共和主義者と提携して激しい抵抗運動を展開した。

［服部春彦］

政治過程

七月革命によって政治権力を握ったオルレアン派ブルジョアは、自由主義的改革に積極的な運動派と保守的な抵抗派とに分かれていた。革命後最初に政権を担当したのは運動派のラフィットであったが、社会的騒乱の収拾に失敗して1831年3月解任され、抵抗派のペリエがかわって内閣を組織する。以後48年まで抵抗派は幾人かの首相のもとで政権の座にとどまることになる。31～34年にはリヨンの絹織物労働者の二度にわたる反乱をはじめ、共和派と小市民、労働者による騒乱が頻発したが、抵抗派政府は軍隊を動員して民衆騒乱を厳しく弾圧するとともに、言論、出版、結社に対する統制を強めて反体制運動の抑圧に努め、35年までに上層ブルジョアの支配体制を確立した。ついで36～39年のモレLouis Mathieu, comte Molé（1781―1855）内閣の時代には、国王が政治に積極的に介入するに至る。首相の権限は縮小され、大臣職は国王に忠実な二流の人物によって占められ、議会には政府の意のままに動く多数の官吏議員がつくりだされた。しかしこのような国王の個人統治に対しては、ギゾー、チエールらを中心に議会政治擁護の同盟が形成され、39年3月の下院選挙で政府派を破った。この39年には、経済不況を背景にパリでブランキら革命的共和派の暴動が起こり、選挙権拡大運動が各地で高揚を示した。翌40年には外交面でも首相チエールが東方問題でイギリスに対して強硬策をとり、対イギリス協調を重視する国王と上層ブルジョアの不安を増大させた。このような情勢下に国王は40年10月チエールを解任して、保守派のギゾーに組閣を命じた。

　ギゾーは、国王の支持のもとに1847年9月までは外相、その後は首相として政局を担当したが、鉄道会社に対して国庫による資金援助を行うなど大工業、銀行資本の利益を図る一方、選挙権拡大を含む政治・社会改革をかたくなに拒否し続けた。46、47年の経済恐慌は、ギゾー政府に対する中小ブルジョア、労働者、農民の不満をいっそう激化させ、オディロン・バローCamille Hyacinthe Odilon Barrot（1791―1873）らの王朝的反対派は共和主義者と提携して改革宴会運動を展開するに至った。48年に入り、ギゾー政府がこれを禁圧したことから、2月22日パリに民衆蜂起が起こり（二月革命）、七月王政は倒れたのである。

［服部春彦］

『服部春彦「フランス復古王政・七月王政」（『岩波講座　世界歴史19　近代6』所収・1971・岩波書店）』▽『中木康夫著『フランス政治史　上』（1975・未来社）』

[参照項目] | 七月革命 | 二月革命

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