Quality - Shichi

Japanese: 質 - しち

A physical security to secure priority repayment of a claim. In the history of Japanese legal system, it includes two concepts: a possessory pawn, which corresponds to a pledge under current law, and a non-possessory pawn, which corresponds to a mortgage. Provisions regarding the former can be found in the Ritsuryo Code, and examples of non-possessory pawning of real estate can already be found in the Nara period documents of the Shosoin Repository, such as the Gekshaksenkai. In medieval law, a possessory pawn is called an irejichi (pawning), and a non-possessory pawn is called sajichi (pawning with a difference). The pawning of movable property was a pawn of belonging, and under the Kamakura Shogunate Law, if the interest exceeded one time the principal, it became a foreclosure. However, the period of foreclosure was relaxed under the Muromachi Shogunate Law. There were two types of pawning of real estate: an interest pawn, in which the interest was used to cancel the interest, and a principal and interest cancellation pawn, in which the principal and interest were cancelled. However, the distinction between the two was almost completely lost due to the law of the Muromachi Shogunate in 1440. Pawning was mainly carried out on real estate, and when the interest reached one-time the principal amount, the property was foreclosed. In the early modern period, pawning was called shichiire, and particular emphasis was placed on the pawning of fields and farmland among real estate. There were three types of pawning of fields and farmland: those that were foreclosed after the end of the term, those that were redeemed after the end of the term, and those that were redeemed as soon as the property was available. According to the Shogunate law, all of these were limited to a ten-year period, and the property became foreclosed after ten years. Enscription was mainly carried out on real estate, and there were three types: enscription that resulted in foreclosed land due to default, enscription that was changed to pawn in the event of default, and enscription that the subject property was sold in the event of default. Note that in the Middle Ages and early modern period, there were cases in which a person was assigned as the object of a pawn, and this was recognized for both occupying and non-occupying pawns.

Pawnbroker

Please see the Properties page.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

債権に対する優先弁済権を確保するための物的担保。日本法制史上は現行法上の質権に相当する占有質と，抵当に相当する無占有質との2つの概念を含む。律令には，前者に関する条規がみえ，また，奈良時代正倉院文書月借銭解などにおいて，すでに不動産について，無占有質の実例が見出される。中世法においては，占有質は入質 (いれじち) ，無占有質は差質 (さじち) と称される。動産の入質は，帰属質であり，鎌倉幕府法により，利息が元本の1倍をこえた場合には，流質となった。しかし，流質の期間は室町幕府法により緩和されている。不動産の入質は，その収益により利子を消却する利質と，元利を消却する元利消却質とがあった。しかし，室町幕府の永享 12 (1440) 年の法令により，この両者の区別はほとんど失われた。差質は，主として不動産について行われ，利息が元本の1倍となると流質となった。近世においては，入質は質入 (しちいれ) と称され，特に不動産中の田畑の質入れが重視された。田畑の質入れには，年期明け流地のもの，年期明け請戻しのもの，有合せ次第請戻しのものの3者があったが，幕府法により，いずれも 10年を限度として，10年を経過すれば流地となった。書入は，主として，不動産について行われ，債務不履行により流地となる書入，不履行の場合に質入に変更する書入，不履行の場合に，目的物を売却する書入の3種があった。なお，中世，近世を通じて質権の客体として人間があてられる場合もあり，それは占有質，無占有質の双方にわたって認められていた。