Papyrus - Papyrus (English spelling)

Japanese: パピルス - ぱぴるす(英語表記)papyrus
Papyrus - Papyrus (English spelling)

A type of paper made from papyrus grass (scientific name: Cyperus papyrus L., Japanese name: Kamigayatsuri). It was made from this grass that grew along the banks of the Nile in ancient Egypt and was used to create various documents. Modern archaeological excavations have uncovered numerous papyrus documents, including those containing the "Book of the Dead," which are preserved in museums and universities in Cairo, London, Paris, and other places. The use of papyrus as a writing material spanned from around 2000 BC to several centuries after Christ, and the characters used ranged from Egyptian hieroglyphics (including various scripts), Coptic, and Greek to early Arabic and Latin.

The Roman writer Pliny wrote about the manufacturing process of papyrus in his Natural History. According to it, first the stems are split with needles to make thin, wide strips, which are then soaked in the waters of the Nile and glue is added. Next, these are arranged on a board to make a layer. Then, the same pieces are arranged at right angles to each other, and pressure is applied before drying in the sun. These are then joined together to make a scroll, and finally the surface is smoothed by beating with a hammer. However, this was not the only manufacturing process, and it seems that special glue was used, and tools made from ivory or shells were used to polish the surface. In recent years, efforts have been made to cultivate the papyrus plant, which has become scarce in Egypt, and to recreate papyrus.

Papyrus was produced in large quantities in ancient Egypt and was exported to southern Europe around the time of Christ, but with the arrival of Islamic power, its use fell out of use as the method of making paper from the East was introduced. However, the cultivation of papyrus was introduced to Sicily, where it is still grown in small quantities today. According to Herodotus and others, the roots of the papyrus plant were used for food, and it was also used to make ship sails, ropes, and other everyday items, although few of these remain today.

[Yajima Fumio]

"The Secret of Papyrus" by Shinobu Osawa (1978, Misuzu Shobo) " ▽ "Papyrus (British Museum Series)" by Richard Parkinson and Stephen Quirk, translated by Jiro Kondo (1999, Gakugei Shorin)

[References] | Coptic | Coptic language | Book of the Dead | Cyperus | Natural History | Hieroglyphics | Pliny
"Book of the Dead"
A diagram of the trial of the dead. The heart (soul) of the deceased is placed on the left side of the scales, and the feather of Maat, the goddess of justice and truth, is placed on the right side to measure the weight of the sins. Osiris, the king of the underworld, is depicted on the far right, and Anubis in the center. Third Intermediate Period (around 1050 BC) Papyrus, colored. Deir el-Bahari Metropolitan Museum of Art, Thebes, Egypt .

"Book of the Dead"


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

パピルス草(学名Cyperus papyrus L.、和名はカミガヤツリ)からつくられた一種の紙。古代エジプトでナイル河畔に茂っていたこの草からつくられ、各種の文書の作成に利用された。近代の考古学的発掘によって『死者の書』などが記された多数のパピルス文書がみいだされ、カイロ、ロンドン、パリなどの博物館、大学などに保存されている。書字材料としてのパピルスの使用は、紀元前2000年ころから紀元後数世紀に及び、使用文字もエジプトのヒエログリフ文字(各種の書体を含む)、コプト文字、ギリシア文字から、初期アラビア文字、ラテン文字などに及んでいる。

 パピルスの製法についてはローマの著述家プリニウスが『博物誌』で述べている。それによると、まず茎を針で裂き、薄く幅の広いものとし、これをナイルの水に浸し、糊(のり)を加える。次に板にこれを並べて一つの層をつくる。それから同じものをこれと直角に並べ、これに力を加えてから日なたで乾かす。これらをつなげて巻物とし、最後に槌(つち)でたたいて表面を平らにしたという。しかしこれだけが製法のすべてであったわけではなく、特別の糊を使ったり、表面を磨くために象牙(ぞうげ)や貝でつくった道具を使ったりしたらしい。近年になってエジプトで少なくなったパピルス草を育成し、パピルスを復原製作することが行われている。

 パピルスは古代エジプトで大量につくられ、紀元前後には南ヨーロッパにも輸出されたが、イスラム勢力の登場で、東方伝来の紙の製法が導入されるとともにその使用は廃れた。しかしパピルス草の栽培はシチリア島に伝えられ、今日でもわずかながらつくられている。なおヘロドトスらによると、パピルス草の根元の部分は食用にされたほか、パピルスで船の帆、綱、その他の日常用品がつくられたが、これらで現存するものは少ない。

[矢島文夫]

『大沢忍著『パピルスの秘密』(1978・みすず書房)』『リチャード・パーキンソン、スティーヴン・クワーク著、近藤二郎訳『パピルス(大英博物館双書)』(1999・学芸書林)』

[参照項目] | コプト | コプト語 | 死者の書 | シペラス | 博物誌 | ヒエログリフ | プリニウス
『死者の書』
死者の裁判の図。天秤の左側に死者の心臓(魂)が、右側に正義と真実の女神マートの羽根がのせられ、罪の重さが測られる。右端に冥界の王オシリス、中央にアヌビスが描かれている。第三中間期(紀元前1050年ころ) パピルス・彩色 エジプト テーベ デル・エル・バハリメトロポリタン美術館所蔵">

『死者の書』


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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