A word derived from the Greek word schisma, which can be translated as "schism" or "division." It refers to a division in the church organization, and is distinct from heresy, which means a separation in doctrine. There are many examples in history, but the most famous is the "Great Schism" in which multiple popes existed side by side and fought over orthodoxy from 1378 to 1417. After the "Avignon Papacy," Pope Gregory XI returned to Rome from Avignon in 1377, but when the next pope, Urban VI (an Italian), was elected, the French cardinals elected another pope, Clement VII, and returned to Avignon. England, Germany, Italy, and Portugal supported the former, while France, Scotland, and Iberia supported the latter, resulting in international conflict. In 1409, the Council of Pisa tried to unify the church by appointing Pope Alexander V, but instead, it created a three-way conflict, and in 1417, the Council of Constance elected Martin V to resolve the situation. The schism between the Eastern Church and the Roman Catholic Church, which had existed since 1054, was temporarily dissolved in 1965 when the mutual excommunication was revoked. → Church unification → Related topics Council of Constance | Sigismund | Nicholas [V] | Council of Pisa Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information |
ギリシア語schismaに由来し,〈離教〉〈教会分裂〉などと訳される語。教会組織上の分裂であって,教理上での分離を意味する異端とは区別される。歴史上その例は多いが,特に,1378年―1417年に複数の教皇が並立して正統を争った〈大離教(大分裂)〉が有名。〈アビニョン捕囚〉事件後,1377年教皇グレゴリウス11世はアビニョンからローマに復帰したが,次代のウルバヌス6世(イタリア人)が選出されるとフランス人枢機卿団は別にクレメンス7世を立て,アビニョンに戻った。英・独・伊・ポルトガル諸国は前者を,仏・スコットランド・イベリア諸国は後者をそれぞれ支持し,国際的対立を生じた。1409年ピサ公会議は,アレクサンデル5世を立てて統一を図ったが,かえって3者鼎立となり,1417年コンスタンツ公会議がマルティヌス5世を選出して事態を収拾した。なお,1054年から続いた東方教会とローマ・カトリック教会のシスマは,1965年に相互破門を撤回して一応の解消をみた。→教会合同 →関連項目コンスタンツ公会議|ジギスムント|ニコラウス[5世]|ピサ公会議 出典 株式会社平凡社百科事典マイペディアについて 情報 |
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