Jean Charles Léonard Simonde de Sismondi

Japanese: シスモンディ - しすもんでぃ(英語表記)Jean Charles Léonard Simonde de Sismondi
Jean Charles Léonard Simonde de Sismondi

Swiss historian and economist. Simond was his real surname, and de Sismondi was his pen name. Born into a wealthy Geneva pastor's family, he went to Lyon to train as a merchant after his father went bankrupt, and then fled to England with his family in the aftermath of the French Revolution. He then moved to Tuscany (Péscia), Italy, where he worked in farming (1794-1800). He gained recognition for his Tableau de l'agriculture de la Toscane (1801), a compilation of his experiences and observations during this time. He then returned to Geneva to study and write about history and economics, and participated in the literary romantic movement through his friendship with Madame de Stael . At the time, he was better known as a historian, author of Histoire des républiques italiennes au moyen âge (Histoire des républiques italiennes au moyen âge), a 16-volume series (1807-18), but today he is better known as an economist. In his first book on economics , On Commercial Wealth (1803), he explained Smith's economics and criticized Napoleon's protectionism based on its liberal principles. However, in the midst of the political backlash in Europe caused by the Vienna System after Napoleon's fall in 1815, and in the face of the problems of the Industrial Revolution in England, particularly the impoverishment of the masses as a result of increasing productivity, in his main work, New Principles of Economics (1819), in two volumes, he was the first to interpret depressions as an inevitable manifestation of the fundamental contradictions inherent in the capitalist system and explained them in terms of an excess of production exceeding consumption, or the so-called "underconsumption", thereby becoming a critic of capitalism. This makes him the last and first critic of classical economics, but at the same time, he is considered a representative of "petty-bourgeois socialism" or "economic romanticism" because, as a countermeasure, he advocated suppressing capitalist free competition through government intervention and seeking harmony and solidarity under the order of trade guilds and patriarchal agriculture.

[Tsuda Takumi]

"New Principles of Economics" translated by Masasaku Sugama, 2 volumes (1949, 50, Nippon Hyoronsha)""The Heretical Economist Sismondi" by Seiichi Yoshida (1974, Shinhyoron)""Studies in French Classical Economics" by Seiichi Yoshida (1982, Yuhikaku)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

スイスの歴史家、経済学者。シモンドが本来の姓、ドゥ・シスモンディは筆名。ジュネーブの富裕な牧師の家に生まれたが、父の破産のためリヨンに商業見習いに出たり、フランス革命の余波を受けて一家でイギリスに逃れたりしたあと、イタリアのトスカナ(ペシャ)に移って農業経営に従事した(1794~1800)。この間の経験と考察をまとめた『トスカナ農業の概観』Tableau de l'agriculture de la Toscane(1801)で世に認められ、以後ジュネーブに戻って歴史と経済学の研究と著述の生活に入り、スタール夫人との交友を通じて文芸上のロマン主義運動にも参加した。当時はむしろ『中世イタリア諸共和国史』Histoire des républiques italiennes au moyen âge全16巻(1807~18)の著者、歴史家として著名であったが、今日では経済学者としてのほうが有名である。その経済学上の最初の著書『商業的富について』De la richesse commerciale, ou Principes d'économie politique appliqués à la législation du commerce(1803)では、スミスの経済学を解説し、その自由主義原理にたってナポレオンの保護政策を批判したが、1815年のナポレオンの失脚後のウィーン体制によるヨーロッパの政治的反動のなかで、またイギリスの産業革命の諸弊害、ことに増大する生産力のもとでの大衆の窮乏化を前にして、主著『経済学新原理』Les nouveaux principes d'économie politique, ou De la richesse dans ses rapports avec la population全2巻(1819)では、恐慌を初めて資本主義体制に根ざす基本的矛盾の必然的な現れとしてとらえ、これを消費を超える生産の過剰、いわゆる「過少消費」説で説明して、資本主義の批判者となった。彼はこれによって古典派経済学の最後の人で最初の批判者とされるが、一方で対策として、政府の干渉によって資本家的自由競争を抑制し、同業組合や家父長的農耕の秩序のもとでの調和や連帯を求めることを唱えたため、「小ブルジョア社会主義」あるいは「経済学的ロマン主義」の代表とされる。

[津田内匠]

『菅間正朔訳『経済学新原理』全2巻(1949、50・日本評論社)』『吉田静一著『異端の経済学者シスモンディ』(1974・新評論)』『吉田静一著『フランス古典経済学研究』(1982・有斐閣)』

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