Landslide - jisuberi

Japanese: 地すべり - じすべり
Landslide - jisuberi

A phenomenon in which a part of the land gradually slides down from a higher place to a lower place due to the action of gravity. A sudden collapse of a steep slope is called a mountain collapse or cliff collapse, while a gradual movement of a few millimeters to a few centimeters per day is called a landslide, but it is difficult to strictly distinguish between the two. If there is a soft layer (clay layer) in the ground that loses its viscosity and turns into a paste when it absorbs water, a landslide is likely to occur when excess groundwater is supplied due to two factors: a decrease in friction along the layer and the soil mass above the layer becomes heavy as it absorbs water. For this reason, landslides are likely to occur when the groundwater table rises after long periods of rain, heavy rain, or sudden snowmelt. Construction work that cuts away part of the ground in such places can disrupt the equilibrium and induce a landslide.

Landslides occur frequently in areas with specific geology or geological structures. Landslides occur frequently in prefectures such as Yamagata, Niigata, Toyama, Nagasaki, and Saga, where Tertiary (old and new) layers of acid clay and black shale are distributed. Landslides also occur intensively in areas where the geological structure is divided into small pieces due to faults, such as along geological tectonic lines such as the Median Tectonic Line in southwestern Japan and the Great Rift Valley (Fossa Magna) in central Japan. Landslides in the Yoshino River basin in Tokushima Prefecture and the Yui region in Shizuoka Prefecture are examples of this. Landslide areas have characteristic topography, and are often easily identifiable by topographical maps, aerial photographs, or on-site surveys. In other words, the topography is such that there is a steep slope or cliff at the head of the landslide, a depression or flat area directly below it, followed by a gentle slope, and below the gentle slope there is again a somewhat steep slope. Once a landslide topography is formed, secondary and tertiary landslides occur within the sliding soil mass, increasing the number of cliffs and flat surfaces, eventually forming a stepped topography. This topography was used to create rice terraces such as senmaida (a thousand rice fields) and tanada (rice terraces), and the expression "Tagoto no Tsuki" (Tageto Moon) was born.

Landslides can trigger landslides and debris flows, causing damage to human lives and property, and often damaging railways, roads, and other structures, so preventing them is a socially important issue. Basic countermeasures include using surface water drainage works (construction and methods that install various drainage facilities on the ground surface for drainage) to minimize the infiltration of rainwater into the landslide area, and draining the groundwater involved in the slide by using horizontal wells and boreholes, etc. Other methods include cutting off the upper part, filling the lower part with earth, and piling work, but all of these require an accurate understanding of the size of the landslide area, the location of the slide surface, and the activity of the landslide.

[Kazuo Ashida and Takahisa Mizuyama]

"Landslides, Collapses, and Debris Flows: Prediction and Countermeasures" by Kobashi Sumiji (1980, Kajima Publishing Co.)""Landslides and Mountain Collapses: The Actual Situation and Countermeasures" by Yamaguchi Shinichi (1990, Daimeido)" ▽ "Landslides: The Geology of Mountain Disasters" by Fujita Takashi (1990, Kyoritsu Shuppan)"Landslides: Various Aspects of Landslide Disasters" by Furuya Takahiko (1996, Kokon Shoin)"Development and Future of Landslide Research" edited by Nakamura Saburo (1996, Daimeido)""Landslide Engineering: The Latest Topics" New Edition by Shin Yun-sik (2001, Sankaido)""Landslides and Geology" by Fujita Takashi (2002, Kokon Shoin)

[References] | Cliff collapse | Shale | Acid clay | Rice terraces | Fault | Median Tectonic Line | Debris flow | Fossa Magna | Drilling | Landslide

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

土地の一部が重力の作用によってしだいに高所から低所へずり下がっていく現象。急な斜面が急激に崩れ落ちる現象を山崩れ、崖(がけ)崩れといい、1日に何ミリメートルから何センチメートルというように緩やかに移動するものを地すべりというが、両者を厳密に区別することはむずかしい。地盤の中に、水を含むと粘り気を失って糊(のり)状に変化するような軟弱な層(粘土(ねんど)層)があると、過剰な地下水が供給されたとき、その層に沿う摩擦力の減少と、層より上の土塊が水を吸って重くなることの二つの作用により地すべりがおこりやすい。このため、長雨や豪雨、急激な雪融(ゆきど)けなどのあとに地下水面が上昇すると地すべりがおこりやすい。こうした場所で地山の一部を切り取る工事などをすると均衡が崩れ、地すべりを誘発することもある。

 地すべりは特定の地質または地質構造の所に多く発生する。第三紀(新・古)層の酸性白土や黒色頁岩(けつがん)などの分布している山形、新潟、富山、長崎、佐賀などの諸県は地すべりの多い地方である。そのほかに西南日本の中央構造線や中部日本の大地溝帯(フォッサマグナ)などのような地質構造線に沿って、断層などのために地質構造が細切れになっている所では集中的に生じている。徳島県吉野川(よしのがわ)流域、静岡県由比(ゆい)地方の地すべりはこの例である。地すべり地は特徴的な地形をしており、地形図や空中写真あるいは現地踏査で容易に判別できる場合が多い。すなわち、地すべりの頭部に急斜面または断崖(だんがい)があって、その直下に凹地または平坦(へいたん)地があり、それに続いて緩斜面があり、緩斜面の下方にふたたびやや急な斜面が続くという地形である。一度地すべり地形が形成されると、滑動土塊中にも2次、3次の地すべりが生じ、断崖と平坦面の数を増し、ついに階段状の地形となり、この地形を利用して千枚田(せんまいだ)、棚田(たなだ)などがつくられ、「田毎(たごと)の月」のような表現も生まれた。

 地すべりが原因となって山崩れや土石流を誘発し、人命や財産に損傷を与えたり、鉄道・道路などの構造物が被害を受けることも少なくなく、その防止対策は社会的に重要な問題である。基本的な対策としては、地表水排除工(排水のために地表面に種々の排水施設を設置する工事・工法)により地すべり地内への雨水の浸透をできるだけ少なくすること、横井戸やボーリング孔などによってすべりに関与する地下水を排除することであり、そのほか、上部の切り取り、下部の押え盛土、杭工(くいこう)などがあるが、いずれも地すべり地の規模、すべり面の位置、地すべりの活動状況などに関して適確な把握が基礎となる。

[芦田和男・水山高久]

『小橋澄治著『地すべり・崩壊・土石流 予測と対策』(1980・鹿島出版会)』『山口真一著『地すべり・山崩れ 実態と対策』(1990・大明堂)』『藤田崇著『地すべり――山地災害の地質学』(1990・共立出版)』『古谷尊彦著『ランドスライド――地すべり災害の諸相』(1996・古今書院)』『中村三郎編著『地すべり研究の発展と未来』(1996・大明堂)』『申潤植著『地すべり工学――最新のトピックス』新版(2001・山海堂)』『藤田崇著『地すべりと地質学』(2002・古今書院)』

[参照項目] | 崖崩れ | 頁岩 | 酸性白土 | 棚田 | 断層 | 中央構造線 | 土石流 | フォッサマグナ | ボーリング | 山崩れ

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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