Kitayama culture

Japanese: 北山文化 - きたやまぶんか
Kitayama culture

A general term for the culture that flourished from the later years of the third shogun of the Muromachi shogunate, Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, through the reign of the fourth shogun, Ashikaga Yoshimochi. The culture of the later eighth shogun, Ashikaga Yoshimasa, flourished around Higashiyama Sanso (Golden Pavilion of Jisho-ji Temple) in Kyoto, so it is called Higashiyama culture, whereas Kitayama Sanso flourished around Kinkakuji Temple, so it is commonly called this, and the two are regarded as the two great peaks of Muromachi culture.

In 1394 (Oei 1), two years after the unification of the Northern and Southern Courts, Yoshimitsu handed over the position of Shogun to his son Yoshimochi and became Daijo-daijin (Grand Minister of State), but since Yoshimochi was still a child, Yoshimitsu not only held real power in the shogunate but also held the highest position among the court nobles, exerting great authority that not only influenced politics but also brought about a new direction in the culture of the era. His influence continued even after Yoshimitsu's death, and the diverse development of Muromachi culture from the Oei to Eikyo periods (1394-1441) was remarkable, and some even say that this period was the Japanese Renaissance.

The main characteristics of Kitayama culture are the fusion of traditional aristocratic culture with the emerging samurai culture, the deep influence of Zen Buddhism, and the refinement of popular culture. Kinkakuji, considered a representative example of architecture and a symbol of Kitayama culture, has a Buddhist name, Shariden, and combines the traditional Shinden-zukuri style of aristocratic residences with the temple-style Butsuden-zukuri style of a Buddhist hall, and is decorated with gold, which represents the highest value. In the meeting hall attached to it, renga (linked verse) and tocha (tea ceremony) gatherings were held, and karamono (traditional Chinese items imported from the Japan-Ming trade) were displayed, as well as rikka (flower arrangements). In literature, Chinese poetry and prose (Gozan literature) centered on the Gozan Zen temples became mainstream, while in painting, ink painting influenced by the Song and Yuan dynasties became popular. Furthermore, in the performing arts, Sarugaku, originally one of the performing arts of the common people, was perfected into Nohgaku by Zeami, who was under the patronage of Yoshimitsu and the nobleman Nijō Yoshimoto, while absorbing the merits of other performing arts.

[Kiyoshi Yokoi]

"Japanese History and Culture, Vol. 2" by Tatsusaburo Hayashiya (1967, Heibonsha)

[Reference] | Higashiyama Culture

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

室町幕府3代将軍足利義満(あしかがよしみつ)の晩年から、4代将軍足利義持(よしもち)の時代にかけて栄えた文化の総称。後の8代将軍足利義政(よしまさ)の時代の文化が京都の東山山荘(ひがしやまさんそう)(慈照寺銀閣(じしょうじぎんかく))を中心に開花したので東山文化とよぶのに対して、北山山荘(鹿苑寺金閣(ろくおんじきんかく))を中心に栄えたというのでこのように呼び習わして、双方を室町文化の二つの巨峰とみなしている。

 義満は、南北朝合一の翌々年、1394年(応永1)に将軍職を子の義持に譲って、太政(だいじょう)大臣となったが、義持がまだ幼少であったので、幕府の実権を握るとともに公家(くげ)の最高職をも兼ねる立場にたち、絶大な権威のもとで政治を左右しただけでなく、この時代の文化に新生面をもたらした。その影響は義満没後にも及び、応永(おうえい)~永享(えいきょう)期(1394~1441)における室町文化の多彩な発展には目を見張るものがあり、この時代を日本のルネサンスとする説もあるくらいである。

 北山文化の大きい特徴は、伝統的な公家文化と新興の武家文化との融合ということ、さらには禅宗の深い影響や庶民文化の洗練ということに示される。代表的な建築とみられ、北山文化のシンボルともされる金閣は、舎利殿(しゃりでん)という仏教的な名称をもち、公家邸宅の伝統にたつ寝殿(しんでん)造と寺院風の仏殿(ぶつでん)造とが一体化して、しかも最高の価値を示す金(きん)で飾られた。またこれに付随していた会所(かいしょ)では、連歌(れんが)や闘茶(とうちゃ)の会が催されたり、日明(にちみん)貿易の舶来美術品である唐物(からもの)が陳列されたり、立花(りっか)(いけ花)が展示されたりした。また文学では五山(ござん)の禅宗寺院を中心とする漢詩文(五山文学)が主流を占め、絵画では宋(そう)・元(げん)の影響を受けた水墨画が流行した。さらに芸能では、もともと庶民芸能の一つであった猿楽(さるがく)が、ほかの芸能の美点をも吸収しながら、義満や公家の二条良基(にじょうよしもと)らの保護を被った世阿弥(ぜあみ)によって能楽(のうがく)へと大成された。

[横井 清]

『林屋辰三郎著『日本 歴史と文化 下』(1967・平凡社)』

[参照項目] | 東山文化

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