Magistrate of temples and shrines

A job title in the Edo Shogunate. Established in 1635 (Kan'ei 12). Prior to this, the temple and shrine side was under the control of the monk recorder Konchiin Suden. There were four members (direct subordinate to the Shogun, daimyo's office, Shodaibu, and Fuyou no Mazume). Together with the town magistrate and accountant (hatamoto's office), they were called the Three Magistrates, and from 1658 (Manji 1) onwards, they were held by members of the Sojaban (20-30 people). In 1862 (Bunkyu 2), the Sojaban was abolished and became the Honyaku. They held key positions in the bakufu cabinet, and in the Meiryo Tairoku it is said that "without ability, talent, or benevolence, one cannot fulfill the duties," and from this position, fudai daimyo rose to important positions such as young councilors, Osaka castle governors, Kyoto shoshidai, or senior councilors. They used their own residences as government offices, and were assigned monthly shifts to carry out government affairs. It controlled all priests and monks throughout the country, as well as musicians, inspectors, renga poets, onmyoji, ancient calligraphers, go and shogi (Japanese game) practitioners, and farmers, merchants, and artisans connected with the shogunate. It also heard lawsuits from private territories in other provinces, excluding the Eight Provinces of Kanto, the Five Provinces of Kinai, Omi, Tamba, and Harima. Lawsuits under its control were decided by meeting with the relevant officials at the residence of the monthly official, called Uchiyoriai, but lawsuits under other territories were always decided in consultation with the various officials at the Hyojosho (council of judges). His subordinates included the Magistrate of Temples and Shrines, the Investigative Officer, the Shinto Officer, the Momijiyama Fire Guard, the Priest of Momijiyama Shrine and Mausoleum, the Priest of Momijiyama Otakamori, the Priest of Momijiyama Shrine, the Priest of Momijiyama Mausoleum, the Chief of Momijiyama Cleaning Group, and the Chief of Momijiyama Otakamori. In addition, officials such as the Chief Inspector, the Chief Inspector, and the Chief Inspector were appointed from among the vassals and divided up their duties. By the way, there were no Yoriki or Doshin.

[Kitahara Akio]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

江戸幕府の職名。1635年（寛永12）創置。これ以前の寺社方は僧録司金地院崇伝(こんちいんすうでん)の支配下にあった。定員は4人（将軍直属、大名役、諸大夫(しょだいぶ)、芙蓉間詰(ふようのまづめ)）。町(まち)・勘定(かんじょう)の両奉行（旗本役）とともに三奉行と称し、1658年（万治1）以降は奏者番(そうじゃばん)（員数20～30人）のなかから兼帯した。1862年（文久2）奏者番は廃止されて本役となった。幕閣枢要の地位を占め、『明良帯録(めいりょうたいろく)』に「器量人才之仁(さいのじん)にあらざれば其(その)任に堪(たえ)ず」とあり、譜代(ふだい)大名はここを振り出しに若年寄(わかどしより)や大坂城代、京都所司代(しょしだい)あるいは老中などの重職へと上った。自邸を役所とし、月番を定めて政務をみた。全国の神官、僧侶(そうりょ)をはじめ、楽人(がくにん)、検校(けんぎょう)、連歌師、陰陽師(おんみょうじ)、古筆見(こひつみ)、碁将棋(ごしょうぎ)所および幕府縁故の農工商を支配し、また、関八州、五畿内(きない)、近江(おうみ)、丹波(たんば)、播磨(はりま)を除いた、その他の諸国私領の訴訟を聴断した。訴訟のうち、支配下のものは内寄合(うちよりあい)と称し、月番の邸に同役と会して裁決したが、他の支配下のものはかならず評定所(ひょうじょうしょ)において諸役と合議し決定した。属僚に寺社奉行吟味物調役(ぎんみものしらべやく)、神道方(しんとうがた)、紅葉山(もみじやま)火之番、紅葉山御宮御霊屋付坊主(おみやみたまやつきぼうず)、紅葉山御高盛(おたかもり)坊主、紅葉山御宮付御縁頬(ごえんづら)坊主、紅葉山御霊屋付御縁頬坊主、紅葉山御掃除之者組頭、紅葉山御高盛六尺があり、また家臣のなかから手留役、寺社役、取次、大検使、小検使などの役人が任命されて、その職務を分掌した。ちなみに与力、同心は置かれなかった。

［北原章男］

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