Work clothes - Shigotogi

Japanese: 仕事着 - しごとぎ
Work clothes - Shigotogi

Clothes worn while working. Refers to work clothes, professional clothes, and clothes worn by farmers, fishermen, craftsmen, and merchants. Traditional work clothes are called by different names depending on the region, such as noragi (farmer's clothes), rice field clothes, yamagi (mountain clothes), juban (working undergarments), kasegimon, and detachi (going to work). Accessories for work clothes include aprons, hand guards, leggings, sashes, and headgear. As modernization progressed, work clothes changed to Western-style clothes, but traditional work clothes were common until the beginning of the Showa period, and in some regions until around World War II.

Work clothes should be appropriate for the weight and weight of the work and the nature of the labor. Desirable clothing should be: (1) easy to wear and functional; (2) provide protection from external dangers; (3) the clothing itself will not cause accidents; (4) help regulate body temperature and be comfortable; (5) durable and have good dye fastness; (6) stain resistant and easy to wash; and (7) easy to make and care for.

[Kazuko Okano]

Traditional work clothes

In Japan, which stretches from north to south, the style and composition of work clothes vary depending on the climate and environment. Generally, in northeastern Japan, work clothes are in two pieces, with a waist-length undergarment without a collar, and openings on both sides. Sleeves are in the form of tube sleeves, pistol sleeves, or mojiri sleeves, which do not hinder arm movement. Hakama, light trousers, tattsuke, momohiki, monpe, etc. are used for the bottoms. In southwestern Japan, work clothes are in one piece, with a loincloth, a short kimono tied with thin strings and a thin obi. Sleeveless vests are worn to keep warm. In rural areas, work clothes are worn all day, and tailored or neat clothes are sometimes worn as formal attire.

Materials used for work clothes included hemp, cotton, ramie, paper mulberry, wisteria, linden, and kudzu (a type of vine). Cotton does not grow north of Fukushima, and cotton, which has good heat retention, was a valuable commodity, so people relied on it until the Meiji period. Other animal furs used included deer, bear, and wild boar. Dyes were mostly made with indigo, which is durable and gets more beautiful with each wash, and were dyed by indigo dyers in various regions. Plain and striped fabrics were used, and hand spinning and weaving were traditionally done by women, who were self-sufficient until commercialization. Sewing and maintenance were also women's jobs. Patches were used on the shoulders, elbows, and waist, which are prone to damage, and damaged areas were cut off and repaired with new fabric. Cotton thread was used for stitching to reinforce the fabric, but in the Tohoku region, decorative stitching was added, giving rise to diamond stitching, kogin stitching, etc. Sakiori, which is made by tearing rags into thin strips and using them as the weft, was used for cold weather work clothes and obi belts.

Looking at the work clothes of workers in surviving paintings, in the late Heian period "Senmen Hokekyo Scroll," a maid wears a thin sash over a teba-nashi robe or kosode (short sleeved kimono), and a three-panel apron. A carpenter depicted in the "Ishiyama-dera Engi Emaki" (Illustrated Scroll of the Origins of Ishiyama-dera Temple) wears a juban-style jacket with long sleeves and short hakama (short skirt). In the Muromachi period "Seventy-one Craftsmen Poetry Contest," we can see the work clothes of 142 types of craftsmen, with most men wearing hitatare (long sleeved kimono), as well as hakama with long sleeves and kosode (short sleeved skirt). Most hakama are four-panel hakama that are tied around the ankles. Street vendors wear short kosode (short sleeved kimono) with a thin sash, and some wear katsura (Japanese traditional wrapping). In the Muromachi period "Shokunin Zukushi-e" (Kitain Temple, Kawagoe City), hakama no longer appears, and many people wear kosode with obi and habaki. In the early modern period, people who were roofing the upper level of Nagoya Castle's attached shoin (study room) wore short kimonos with long sleeves. In the "Shokunin Zukushi-e" from the Edo period, carpenters are seen wearing hakama, but from the mid-Edo period onwards, shirushi banden (branded coat), hakama, and momohiki (pants) gradually became the standard attire for craftsmen. Nails and other tools were stored in the pouches attached to the front and sides of the hakama, which were also called donburi (rice bowls). This workwear continued from the Meiji and Taisho periods to the beginning of the Showa period, but now it is only worn by some people such as tobishoku (scaffolders) and gardeners. As work clothes for merchants, in addition to the branded hanten, striped cotton, square obi, and apron were used until Westernization.

[Kazuko Okano]

Working Wear

Western-style work clothes are called working wear. In the past, the term referred to work clothes for heavy physical labor or factory work, but in recent times it has come to mean a wide range of occupational clothing. Work clothes include not only noragi and work clothes, but also stage costumes worn by actors and musicians, and house dresses worn by housewives who do housework. There are many different categories of work clothes, from uniforms and military uniforms to space suits and diving suits, and there are many different styles depending on the type of work, but most of them are designed to suit the function and express the nature of the job.

[1] Overalls: loose-fitting work trousers with a bib. They have a buckle or button-fastened strap, and functional pockets at key locations. They were originally worn over regular trousers. They are the French word for salopette. Overalls are worn on top of other clothing.

[2] Coveralls: A jacket and trousers worn over the clothes of mechanics, repairmen, etc. It is a French word that corresponds to the word kombinaison, and is commonly called "tsunagi" in Japan.

[3] Jeans Trousers or work clothes made of a strong, fine twill cotton fabric. What was once the typical workwear of American cowboys and farmers is now loved worldwide as work wear, everyday wear, and leisure wear. Also called blue jeans, these trousers are commonly called "jeans" in Japan. Bleached ones and those with embroidery and piping were once popular. Soft, slim ones are also worn at night.

[4] Chinos: sturdy trousers made of heavy twill cotton (chino) used for military uniforms. Khaki or beige in color. Derived from the GI uniform.

[5] Jumper A loose-fitting work jacket. It is worn over a blouse, sweater, or shirt. The hem and cuffs are fitted with cuffs, belts, or knitted fabric, making it highly functional and easy to work in. Some are cold-resistant and waterproof, and come in front-opening (zipper or button-up) and pullover styles.

[6] Smock: A loose outer garment worn to protect clothes from dirt. Painters, craftsmen, and office workers wear it over their clothes. Smocks and frocks are work clothes.

[7] Apron: An apron or outer garment worn over clothing to protect and prevent the clothing from getting dirty. It is the French word for tablier. Aprons come in a variety of styles, including those with a bib and sleeves, overskirts, jumper skirts, and smocks.

[8] Morning wear: Work clothes worn by housewives while doing housework in the morning. This is also known as home wear, house dress, or home dress.

[9] Office wear: Office wear worn in the office. Traditionally, most of the clothes were smock-like and had a uniform-like meaning, but shirt-style jackets and jumpers, and for women, suits and ensembles combined with skirts are becoming more common. Today, the so-called "sesai" (suit) is the typical office wear for men.

[10] White coats are white outerwear worn by medical, health, and environmental sanitation professionals, including doctors' examination and surgical uniforms, nurses' uniforms, scientists' lab coats, and barbers, hairdressers, and chefs' work clothes. Cleanliness is the top priority, so they are usually made of white, but some are made of light-colored fabrics.

Working wear often has a significant influence on children's clothing, everyday wear, play wear, sports wear, etc., and in recent years, the working wear look has even become a fad. This is inspired by the functionality of work wear and partially incorporates work wear itself or its design. Representative examples include the jeans look from the 1960s, the jumpsuit look derived from aviation suits, the fatigue look (cover coats, outer jackets, work pants, etc. inspired by the work clothes of sergeants), and the space look (starting with Pierre Cardin's cosmo-colored space suits and also influenced by the movie Star Wars). In addition, working wear itself has moved away from the traditional practicality and is moving towards more comfortable, more efficient, and more lightweight designs, taking into consideration color coordination according to the environment of each workplace.

[Hirano Yuko]

[Reference] | Clothing
Work clothes as seen in "Ishiyama-dera Engi"
Carpenter's work clothes (above). He is holding a saw in his hand, wearing a juban-style jacket with long sleeves and short hakama. Copy of "Ishiyama-dera Engi" (The Origin of Ishiyama-dera Temple), owned by the National Diet Library .

Work clothes as seen in "Ishiyama-dera Engi"

Work clothes as seen in "Shokunin-zukushi Utaawase"
Knife maker's work clothes (above). He is depicted wearing a hakama and a hakama skirt. "Shokunin Zukushi Utaawase" (Poetry Contest for Craftsmen), 1657 (Meireki 3), National Diet Library Collection ">

Work clothes as seen in "Shokunin-zukushi Utaawase"

Work clothes as seen in Nishiki-e prints
A carpenter wearing a hanten coat and trousers. Painting by Utagawa Kuniteru (II), from "Illustrated Guide to the Life of Household Craftsmen and Young People in Food, Clothing and Shelter," 1870s, National Diet Library

Work clothes as seen in Nishiki-e prints


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

仕事をするときに着る衣服のこと。労働服、職業服や農民、漁民、職人、商人が働き着として着る衣服をさす。在来型のものは野良着(のらぎ)、田んぼ着、山着(やまぎ)、働き襦袢(じゅばん)、かせぎぎもん、でたち(仕事に出かける意味)など、地方によって異なった名称でよばれている。仕事着の付属的なものとしては前掛け、手甲(てっこう)、脚絆(きゃはん)、襷(たすき)、被(かぶ)り物などがある。近代化の流れとともに洋風の作業服に変わってきたが、昭和の初めまで、地域によっては第二次世界大戦ごろまで、在来型の仕事着が一般的であった。

 仕事着は仕事の軽重、労働内容に適したものを用いるが、(1)着やすく、機能的、(2)外部の危険から身を守る、(3)衣服そのものが災害を招かない、(4)体温調節を助け、快適な衣服である、(5)耐久性があり、染色も堅牢(けんろう)である、(6)汚れにくく、洗濯しやすい、(7)仕立てや手入れが簡単、などといったものが望ましい。

[岡野和子]

在来型の仕事着

南北に長い日本では、気候や風土によって仕事着の形態、構成が異なる。一般に東北日本は二部式構成で、上衣は衽(おくみ)なしの腰までの丈の襦袢型で、両脇(わき)に馬乗りがあいている。袖(そで)の形は腕の運動に支障のない筒袖、鉄砲袖、もじり袖などである。下衣には袴(はかま)、軽衫(かるさん)、裁着(たっつけ)、ももひき、もんぺなどを用いる。南西日本は一部式構成で、腰巻をつけ、短めの丈の着物に細紐(ほそひも)、細帯を締めた。防寒用には袖なし胴着を着る。農村では仕事着が一日中着用され、仕立ておろしや、こざっぱりしたものを晴れ着とすることもあった。

 仕事着の材料としては麻、木綿のほか、苧麻(ちょま)、楮(こうぞ)、藤(ふじ)、科(しな)(シナノキ)、葛(かずら)(つる草類)などが用いられた。福島以北ではワタが生育せず、保温性のある木綿は貴重品として、明治に至るまで取り替え木綿に依存した。そのほか動物の毛皮として、シカ、クマ、イノシシなども利用された。染色は堅牢で洗うごとに美しさを増す藍(あい)染めがほとんどで、各地の紺屋(こうや)で染められた。無地、縞物(しまもの)が用いられ、古くから手紡ぎや機(はた)織りは女の手仕事であり、商品化されるまで自給自足でまかなった。縫製、手入れも女の仕事である。傷みやすい肩、肘(ひじ)、腰の部分には当て布をし、傷んだところは切り取って別布をはいで繕った。補強のために木綿糸で刺し縫いをしたが、東北地方では、これに装飾性が加味されて菱(ひし)刺し、こぎん刺しなどを生んだ。ぼろ布を細く裂いて緯糸(よこいと)として織った裂織(さきおり)は、防寒用の仕事着、帯などに利用された。

 働く人の仕事着を現存する絵画でみると、平安時代後期の『扇面法華経冊子』では下女が手なし衣または小袖に細帯を締め、三幅(みの)前垂れをしている。『石山寺縁起絵巻』に描かれた大工は筒袖の襦袢型の上着に、丈の短い小袴をはいている。室町時代の『七十一番職人歌合(うたあわせ)』は、142種の職業人の仕事着をみることができるが、男は直垂(ひたたれ)姿が多く、筒袖袴、小袖袴もある。袴は四幅(よの)袴で足首をくくったものが多い。物売り女は短い小袖に細帯を締めており、桂(かつら)巻きをしている者もいる。室町時代の『職人尽絵(しょくにんづくしえ)』(川越市喜多院(きたいん)蔵)では袴姿がなくなり、小袖に帯を締めて、脛巾(はばき)をつけた姿が多くなっている。近世初頭の名古屋城上段の間付書院(つけしょいん)の屋根を葺(ふ)いている人は、筒袖の短い丈の着物である。江戸時代の『職人尽絵』には大工の腹掛け姿がみられるが、中期以降、印半纏(しるしばんてん)、腹掛け、ももひきが職人の服装としてしだいに定着してきた。腹掛けの前・脇についている袋には、釘(くぎ)その他の道具類が収められ、これを丼(どんぶり)ともいった。この仕事着は明治・大正から昭和の初めまで続いたが、現在では鳶職(とびしょく)、植木職などの一部の人たちに用いられているにすぎない。商人の仕事着としては、印半纏のほか縞木綿、角帯、前垂れが、洋風化するまで用いられた。

[岡野和子]

ワーキング・ウエア

洋風の仕事着をワーキング・ウエアworking wearという。以前は、重作業の肉体労働や工場労働の労働服、作業服をさしていたが、近来は広く職業用の衣服全般を意味するようになった。野良着(のらぎ)や作業衣はもとより、俳優や音楽家が着る舞台衣装や、家事労働を行う主婦のハウスドレスなど、仕事の場で着る服はすべて仕事着である。制服や軍服なども含めて、宇宙服から潜水服に至るまで仕事着の部類は多岐にわたり、仕事の種類によってさまざまのスタイルがあるが、それぞれの機能にあったデザインで、しかも仕事の性格を表現したものが多い。

〔1〕オーバーオールズ 胸当て付きのゆったりとした作業ズボン。尾錠(びじょう)あるいはボタン留めの吊(つ)り紐(ひも)、要所に機能的なポケットがついている。もともと普通のズボンの上からはいていた。フランス語のサロペットにあたる。オーバーオールは上っ張り。

〔2〕カバーロール(ズ) 機械工、修理工などが服の上から重ねて着る、上着とズボンが一続きになった作業衣。フランス語のコンビネゾンにあたり、日本では俗に「つなぎ」という。

〔3〕ジーンズ 堅牢(けんろう)な細綾(あや)織の綿布(ジーン)でつくったズボンや作業衣。アメリカの牧童や農夫の典型的な作業衣であったものが、いまでは仕事着、日常着、遊び着として世界的に愛好されている。ブルー・ジーン(ズ)ともよばれ、日本ではこのズボンを俗にジーパンとよぶ。漂白したものや刺しゅう入り、パイピング入りが一時流行した。ソフト感覚のスリムなものは夜も着用される。

〔4〕チーノーズ 軍服用の厚地の綾織の綿布(チーノー)でつくられたじょうぶなズボン。カーキ色やベージュ色。GIの制服からきた。

〔5〕ジャンパー 作業用のゆったりしたジャケット。ブラウス、セーター、シャツなどの上から着る。裾(すそ)と袖口(そでぐち)はカフスやベルトやニット地などをつけて密着させ、機能性に富み作業しやすいようにくふうされている。防寒、防水のものもあり、前あき型(ファスナーかボタン留め)とプルオーバー型がある。

〔6〕スモック 衣服の汚れを防ぐのに着る緩やかな上っ張り。画家、職人、事務員が服の上から着る。スモック・フロックは野良着。

〔7〕エプロン 衣服の汚れを防ぎ保護するために、衣服の上につける前掛けや上っ張り。フランス語のタブリエにあたる。胸当て付き、袖付きのもの、またはオーバースカート型、ジャンパースカート型、スモック型などがある。

〔8〕モーニング・ウエア 主婦が午前中の家事を行う際に着用する働き着。いわゆる家庭着で、ハウスドレス、ホームドレスともよばれる。

〔9〕オフィス・ウエア オフィスで着用する事務服。従来はスモックのような上っ張り型が多く、制服的な意味もあったが、シャツ形式のジャケットやジャンパー、女子では、共のスカートと組み合わせたスーツ形式やアンサンブル形式が増えている。今日では、いわゆる背広が典型的な男子のオフィス・ウエアとなっている。

〔10〕白衣 医療、保健衛生、環境衛生に携わる職業者が着る白地の外衣。医師の診察服・手術衣、看護師の看護服、科学者の実験衣、理髪師・美容師・調理人の仕事着など。清潔を第一とするので白地でつくるのが普通であるが、淡色の布地を用いるものもある。

 ワーキング・ウエアは、子供服をはじめ日常着、遊び着、スポーツ着などにしばしば重要な影響を及ぼし、近年はワーキング・ウエア・ルックが一つのブームとさえなっている。これは、仕事着の機能性からヒントを得て、仕事着そのものやそのデザインを部分的に取り入れたものである。1960年以来のジーンズ・ルックをはじめ、航空服から生まれたジャンプスーツ・ルック、またはファティーグ・ルック(雑役兵の作業衣からヒントを得たカバー・コート、アウター・ジャケット、ワーク・パンツなど)、スペース・ルック(ピエール・カルダンの宇宙服コスモコールに始まり、映画『スター・ウォーズ』の影響もある)などに代表される。またワーキング・ウエアそのものは、従来の実用第一主義から脱して、それぞれの職場の環境に応じた色彩調整などが考慮され、より快適な、より能率的な、より軽快なものに向かっている。

[平野裕子]

[参照項目] | 衣服
『石山寺縁起』にみる仕事着
大工の仕事着(上)。手に鋸を持ち、筒袖の襦袢型の上着に丈の短い小袴をはいている。『石山寺縁起』 写国立国会図書館所蔵">

『石山寺縁起』にみる仕事着

『職人尽歌合』にみる仕事着
包丁師の仕事着(上)。直垂に四幅袴姿で描かれている。『職人尽歌合』 1657年(明暦3)刊国立国会図書館所蔵">

『職人尽歌合』にみる仕事着

錦絵にみる仕事着
印半纏、ももひき姿の大工。歌川国輝(2世)画 『衣食住之内家職幼絵解之図』 1870年代国立国会図書館所蔵">

錦絵にみる仕事着


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