Obsolete - ladder

Japanese: 死語 - しご
Obsolete - ladder

A language that is no longer actually spoken, leaving only written records. Strictly speaking, it refers to a language that is no longer used as a written language, not just as an oral language. For example, Sumerian, Akkadian, Hittite, Hurrian, and Ugaritic, which are recorded in cuneiform script in ancient Mesopotamia and the surrounding areas, as well as ancient Egyptian, known for its hieroglyphics, the Hittite hieroglyphic language, the Minoan written language of Crete, the ancient Indus script language, and Etruscan, which flourished in ancient Italy, are all dead languages. Many of these languages ​​or even the scripts themselves have yet to be deciphered.

On the other hand, classical Chinese, Greek, Latin, the ancient Indian language of Sanskrit, and classical Arabic, although they are no longer spoken, continue to live on as the languages ​​of religion and academia, and spoken languages ​​of the same origin continue to exist in other forms, such as the Romance languages ​​in contrast to Latin, so they cannot be said to be completely dead languages.

[Katsumi Matsumoto]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

文字記録のみを残して、実際に話されなくなった言語。厳密には、口頭語だけでなく、文字言語としても使用されなくなった言語のことをいう。たとえば、古代メソポタミアおよびその周辺地域で楔形(くさびがた)文字の記録を残すシュメール語、アッカド語、ヒッタイト語、フルリ語、ウガリト語、そのほか聖刻文字で知られる古代エジプト語、ヒッタイト象形文字言語、クレタのミノア文字言語、古代インダス文字の言語、古代イタリアに栄えたエトルリア語などは、すべてこのような死語である。これらのなかには文字あるいは言語そのものも未解読のものが少なくない。

 他方、古典中国語やギリシア語、ラテン語、あるいは古代インドのサンスクリット語、古典アラビア語などは、実際には話されなくなっているけれども、宗教や学問の言語として生き続けており、またこれと同源の話しことばが、たとえばラテン語に対するロマンス語のように、別の形で存続しているので、完全な死語とはいえない。

[松本克己]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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