State monopolistic capitalism (English spelling)

Japanese: 国家独占資本主義 - こっかどくせんしほんしゅぎ(英語表記)state monopolistic capitalism 英語
State monopolistic capitalism (English spelling)

In the stage of monopoly capitalism, where capital and production are highly concentrated and dominated by a small number of monopoly capitalists, the state began to intervene fully in the system and through policies in order to manage the "crises" of the economic system, such as wars and long-term recessions. The "fusion" system of the state and the capitalist system that was established in this way is called state monopoly capitalism. The term state monopoly capitalism was used by the Russian revolutionary Lenin to mean the "wartime state monopoly capitalism" system, to indicate the development trend of the capitalist system during World War I. Furthermore, while the emergence of the Soviet socialist system and the long-term recession of the 1930s led to the disintegration and unrest of the capitalist system, the state monopoly capitalist system became a general feature of advanced capitalist economies as policy interventions and adjustments to the capitalist economy, such as the so-called Keynesian economic policy, were widely institutionalized. In other words, state monopoly capitalism is the name given in Marxist economics to the public-private dual economic system that emerges as a result of capitalism, based on a private market economy as its basic institution, seeking full-scale state policy intervention and adjustment in order to overcome critical situations (such as war or recession) in the capitalist market system during its monopoly development stage.

From this, state monopoly capitalism is seen as a form of utilizing the power and economic strength of the state that is adopted in order to maintain and perpetuate the system of domination of monopoly capital in times of general crisis of capitalism, and its ultimate essence is said to be the securing of monopoly profits through state policy functions and institutions such as national finances and monetary policy.Furthermore, insofar as state monopoly capitalism is a policy measure to prolong the life of monopoly capitalism as a "dying capitalism," it is criticized that under this system, control and exploitation of the masses of the people will intensify, leading to the militarization of the economy and the stagnation and decay of economic activity.

It was after World War II that state intervention in the economy and the institutionalization of regulations became widespread under the capitalist system. However, contrary to the predictions of most Marxist economics, the postwar capitalist economy has continued to grow. Against this backdrop, the concept of state monopoly capitalism is being forced to be reexamined today. First of all, this theory of state monopoly capitalism cannot explain the non-military economic development of countries such as Japan after the war, nor can it properly explain the material wealth brought about by postwar economic growth.

More fundamentally, Lenin's theory of monopoly capitalism (= imperialism) alone does not seem to be able to fully explain the multifaceted development of modern capitalist industrial structures and corporate organizations, and there is also the problem that the role of modern policies and intervention systems cannot be defined one-sidedly as "means for realizing profits for monopoly capital." While it is not denied that the economic function of the state is useful for private monopoly capital, it cannot be ignored that on the other hand it also functions as a system for welfare improvement and economic stability.

[Yoshiie Seiji]

"The Impending Catastrophe, and How to Combat It?" (translated by the Lenin Collected Works Publication Committee, included in the Collected Works of Lenin, Vol. 25 (1917), 1957, Otsuki Shoten)""State Monopoly Capitalism, by Ouchi Chikara (1970, University of Tokyo Press)""Contemporary Capitalism, by Masamura Kimihiro (1977, Gendai no Rironsha)""Contemporary States and Economies, edited by Ouchi Hideaki and Shibagaki Kazuo (1979, Yuhikaku)"

[Reference Items] | Modern Capitalism | State Capitalism | Monopoly Capitalism

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

資本と生産を高度に集中した少数の独占資本が支配するに至っている資本主義の独占資本主義の段階においては、戦争や長期不況などの経済体制の「危機」を管理するために、全面的に国家の制度的・政策的な介入が行われるようになった。このようにして成立した国家と資本主義体制との「融合」体制を国家独占資本主義という。国家独占資本主義ということばは、第一次世界大戦下の資本主義体制の発展傾向を示すものとして、ロシアの革命家レーニンによって、「戦時国家独占資本主義」体制という意味で用いられた。さらにソビエト社会主義体制の出現、1930年代の長期不況などにより、資本主義体制の解体と動揺が進む一方で、いわゆるケインズ的経済政策など資本主義経済への政策的介入や補整が広く制度化されていくに伴って、国家独占資本主義体制が先進資本主義経済の一般的な特徴となっていったのである。つまり国家独占資本主義とは、私的市場経済を基本制度とする資本主義が、その独占的発展段階において、資本主義的市場体制の(戦争や不況という)危機的状況を克服するために、国家の政策的介入と補整を全面的に求めた結果として登場する公私混合的な二重経済体制の、マルクス経済学からする命名なのである。

 ここから国家独占資本主義とは、資本主義の全般的危機の時代に、独占資本の支配体制を維持・存続するために採用される国家の権力と経済力の利用形態とみなされ、その究極的な本質は、国家財政や金融政策などの国家の政策機能や制度による独占利潤の確保にある、とされる。そしてまた国家独占資本主義は、すでに「死滅しつつある資本主義」としての独占資本主義の政策的延命策である限り、その体制のもとでは国民大衆に対する支配と収奪が強まり、軍事経済化と経済活動の停滞化と腐朽化が進むと批判される。

 資本主義体制のもとで国家による経済への政策的介入や規制などの制度化が広く進展したのは、第二次世界大戦以降である。しかし、以上のようなマルクス経済学の大方の予想に反して、戦後の資本主義経済は持続的に成長したという現実を背景に、今日、国家独占資本主義概念は再検討を迫られている。まずこのような国家独占資本主義説では、戦後の日本などの非軍事的経済発展の事例を説明できないし、戦後の経済成長によってもたらされた物質的豊かさも正当に説明できない。

 より根本的には、レーニン流の「独占資本主義(=帝国主義)論」だけでは、現代の資本主義の産業構造や企業組織の多面的な発展形態を十分に解明できないように思われるし、また現代の政策や介入の諸制度のもつ役割を「独占資本の利潤実現の手段」と一面的に規定しえないという問題もある。国家の経済機能が私的独占資本のために役だっていることは否定しないとしても、他面では福祉的改良や経済安定の制度として機能している側面もあることは無視できないであろう。

[吉家清次]

『『さしせまる破局、それとどうたたかうか?』(レーニン全集刊行委員会訳『レーニン全集第25巻〈1917〉』所収・1957・大月書店)』『大内力著『国家独占資本主義』(1970・東京大学出版会)』『正村公宏著『現代の資本主義』(1977・現代の理論社)』『大内秀明・柴垣和夫編『現代の国家と経済』(1979・有斐閣)』

[参照項目] | 現代資本主義 | 国家資本主義 | 独占資本主義

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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