Spacetime

Japanese: 時空 - じくう(英語表記)spacetime
Spacetime

The unity of time and space. Newton introduced the concepts of absolute time and absolute space. Absolute time is not regulated by anything else and flows uniformly by itself. Absolute space is not regulated by anything else and exists uniformly and unchangingly by itself. In other words, in Newton's view, time and space are independent and unchanging. This was the basic way of thinking until the 19th century, when the concept of space-time did not exist.

In 1905, Einstein proposed the special theory of relativity based on the principle that the speed of light is uniform for any observer, and that the fundamental equations of physics are the same for any observer moving at a constant speed in a straight line. As a result, time and space are no longer independent, but become a uniform four-dimensional space called Minkowski space-time. Special relativistic effects such as the length of a moving ruler shrinking or a clock slowing down occur when time and space exchange parts with each other. Einstein went further and proposed the general theory of relativity (1916). In this theory, gravity is considered to be a distortion of four-dimensional space-time, instead of Newton's law of universal gravitation. In other words, there is no "force" called gravity, and objects travel the shortest distance (geodesic) in the distorted space-time. General relativistic space-time is no longer fixed or uniform, but is determined by the existence of matter and is dynamic and non-uniform.

[Takuya Matsuda]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

時間と空間の統一体。ニュートンは、絶対時間と絶対空間の概念を導入した。絶対時間は、他の何物にも規制されず、それ自身、一様に流れる。絶対空間は、他の何物にも規制されず、それ自身、一様に不動に存在する。つまり、ニュートンの考えでは時間と空間は独立であり、かつ不動である。この考え方が19世紀までの基本的な考えであり、時空という概念はなかった。

 アインシュタインは1905年に、光速はどんな観測者からみても一様である、物理学の基本方程式は等速直線運動をしているどんな観測者からみても同じである、という原理を基にして、特殊相対性理論を提唱した。すると、時間と空間は、もはや独立ではなく、ミンコフスキー時空という一様な四次元空間となる。運動している物差しの長さが縮んだり、時計が遅れたりする特殊相対論的効果は、時間と空間が互いにその一部を交換して生ずるのである。アインシュタインは、さらに進んで一般相対性理論を提唱した(1916)。そこではニュートンの万有引力の法則にかわって、重力を四次元時空のゆがみと考える。つまり、重力という「力」は存在せず、物体はゆがんだ時空の中の最短距離(測地線)を走る。一般相対論的時空は、もはや不動でも一様でもなく、物質の存在により規定され、動的で非一様なものである。

[松田卓也]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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