The architecture of Islamic nations. In the narrow sense, it refers to religious facilities such as mosques (also called masjids or jamis in some regions), schools (madrasas, medreses), dojos (zawiyya, khanqah, taqiyeh), shrines (alamghas, dargahs), and tombs (qubbas, gonbads, türbehs), but in the broad sense, it also includes secular facilities such as residences, palaces, castles, markets (suks, bazaars), caravanserais (khans, rabats, funduks), and baths (hammas). Historically, it began in the 7th century, and initially mainly inherited the traditions of Byzantine architecture and Sassanid Persian architecture. In the 1,300 years since then, the stylistic development has been extremely diverse, and can be divided into at least three stages: the early period (before the 11th century), the Middle Ages (12th to 15th centuries), and the early modern period (after the 16th century), and six systems: the Maghreb and Spanish region, the Middle East Arab region, Turkey, Iranian Central Asia, India, and Southeast Asia. In general, the courtyard style is common, and the structural materials used are baked bricks, sun-dried bricks, and broken stone concrete, and the finishing materials are stucco, terracotta, glazed tiles, and stone panels. In addition, many examples make use of curved structures such as pointed, horseshoe, and multi-lobed arches, as well as vaults, squinches, pendentives, and domes. Unique elements include minarets (towers), iwans (open-front halls), and stalactites (stalactite-like decorations). Another notable feature of this style is the development of flat decoration, such as relief, openwork, mosaic, and inlay, which expressed holy verses from the Quran written in Arabic characters, as well as abstract geometric and plant motifs, due to the complete rejection of iconography. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
イスラム教を信奉する諸民族の建築。狭義にはモスク(地域によってマスジド,あるいはジャーミとも呼ばれる),学院(マドラサ,メドレセ),道場(ザーウィヤ,ハーンカー,タキエ),聖廟(アラムガー,ダルガー),墓廟(クッバ,ゴンバッド,チュルベ)などの宗教的施設としての建築をさすが,広義には住居,宮殿,城郭をはじめ,市場(スーク,バザール),隊商宿であるキャラバンサライ(ハーン,ラバト,フンドゥーク),浴場(ハンマーム)などのような世俗的施設としての建築をも含めていう。歴史的には 7世紀に始まり,当初は主としてビザンチン建築の伝統とササン朝ペルシア建築の伝統とを受け継いだ。以来 1300年間にわたる様式的発展はきわめて多様で,少なくとも初期(11世紀以前),中世(12~15世紀),近世(16世紀以後)の 3段階と,マグレブおよびスペイン圏,中東アラブ圏,トルコ圏,イラン中央アジア圏,インド圏,東南アジア圏の 6系統に区別される。全般的な傾向としては,中庭形式が多く,構造材料には焼成煉瓦,日干し煉瓦,割り石コンクリートなどを,また仕上げ材料にはスタッコ,テラコッタ,彩釉タイル,石パネルなどを用いている。また架構に尖頭形,馬蹄形,多弁形のアーチをはじめ,ボールト,スキンチ,ペンデンティブ,ドームなどの曲面構造を駆使している例が多い。固有の要素としてはミナレット(光塔),イーワーン(前面開放型広間),スタラクタイト(鍾乳石状装飾)などがあげられる。また徹底した偶像否定の精神から具象的な壁画や彫刻は普及せず,アラビア文字で綴った『コーラン』の聖句や,抽象的な幾何学文様,植物文様などを浮彫,透かし彫,モザイク,象眼などによって表現する平面的な装飾が発達したのも,著しい特徴である。
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