On-kana spelling - Jionkana

Japanese: 字音仮名遣い - じおんかなづかい
On-kana spelling - Jionkana

This shows how to use kana to write the on-the-spot pronunciation of Japanese words, as opposed to the "historical kana spelling" of Japanese words. The way it is used in dictionaries today is a slight modification of the way it was defined by Motoori Norinaga in his "On-the-spot pronunciation of kana usage" (published in 1776), and the main points of how to use them with example characters are as follows:

I (I), for (I), for (Iu), for (Yu), for (Yu), for (Yu), for (Ifu), for (Yau), for (Yo), for (Yo), for (In), for (Wen), for (Iku), for (Its), for (Itsu), for (Itsu), for (Iki), for (E), for (Eu), for (Efu), for (Ei), for (Wei), for (En), for (En), for (Etsu), for (Etsu), for (Eki), for (Eki), for (O), for (Wo), for (Ou), for (Wou), for (Au), for (Wau), for (Afu), for (Afu), for (Grace) On, Warm, Memories, Houses, Otsu, Over, Nine, Quick, High, Public, Light, Combination, Fear, Coward, Together, Food, Leaves, Around, Many, Ten, Early, Early, Miscellaneous, Miscellaneous, Chapter, Zhong, Branch, Concubine ... Tau (rice), Tou (east), Taf (answer), Chau (long), Chou (heavy), Teu (morning), Tef (pledge), Nau (brain), Nou (farm), Nafu (suffer), Niyau (young lady), Niyou (woman), Neu (steel), Nefu (twist), Niu (soft), Nifu (enter), Hau (protect), Hou (mug), Haf (poor), Hof (law), Hiyau (flat), Hiyou (ice), Heu (leopard), Mau (hair), Mou (wisdom), Miyau (bright), Meu (face), Liu (remain), Rifu (stand), Lau (old) , cage (rou), lu (rahu), good (ryau), dragon (riyou), 燎 (reu), hunting (refu), self (ji), govern (ji), snake (ja), tree (ju), introduction (jiyo), removal (jiyo), god (jin), battle (jin), integrity (jiyun), enmity (jiku), knowledge (jiku), loneliness (jiaku), writing (jiaku), porridge (jiyuku), shame (jiyoku), muddy (jiyoku), fruit (jitsu), box (jitsu), statement (jiyutsu), agar (jiyutsu), food (jiki), straight (jiki), beans (zu), Sui (zui)
This kana spelling was determined largely deductively according to the rhyme diagram "Inkyo," and at the same time, because it was created based on the phonetics of the Edo period, there are some inconsistencies with the usage of kana found in actual ancient documents. For example, Motoori wrote "water" and "sui" as "sui" and "zui," but in ancient documents they are "sui" and "zui." Also, he wrote "ho," "hao," and "keo" as "hau," "bau," and "mau," but in ancient documents they are "hou," "bou," and "mou." These are mostly corrected in today's dictionaries to the forms found in ancient documents. Furthermore, because only the ka-row compound consonants (gouyouon) remained in the phonetics of the Edo period, Motoori accepted "kwau" and other characters, but did not accept the i-row and e-row compound consonants found in ancient documents, such as "kuin" and "gen." As such, there are still many issues with 'kana-on-kana spelling' that need to be corrected in the future.

[Katsuaki Numamoto]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

和語の「歴史的仮名遣い」に対して、字音を表記する場合の仮名の遣い方を示したもの。今日の辞典類に示されているのは、本居宣長(もとおりのりなが)が『字音仮字用格(かなづかい)』(1776刊)で定めたものに若干の修正を加えたもので、その使い分けの要点を例字とともに示せば次のようである。

  伊(イ)、為(ヰ)、尤(イウ)、雄(ユウ)、由(ユ)、邑(イフ)、陽(ヤウ)、用(ヨウ)、因(イン)、尹(ヰン)、育(イク)、乙(イツ)、聿(ヰツ)、域(ヰキ)、衣(エ)、恵(ヱ)、遙(エウ)、葉(エフ)、翳(エイ)、衛(ヱイ)、煙(エン)、袁(ヱン)、謁(エツ)、越(ヱツ)、益(エキ)、於(オ)、汙(ヲ)、応(オウ)、翁(ヲウ)、奥(アウ)、王(ワウ)、押(アフ)、恩(オン)、温(ヲン)、憶(オク)、屋(ヲク)、乙(オツ)、越(ヲツ)、九(キウ)、急(キフ)、高(カウ)、公(コウ)、光(クワウ)、合(カフ)、怯(コフ)、薑(キヤウ)、共(キョウ)、肴(ケウ)、叶(ケフ)、周(シウ)、衆(シユウ)、十(シフ)、早(サウ)、忩(ソウ)、雑(サフ)、章(シヤウ)、鍾(シヨウ)、梢(セウ)、妾(セフ)、宙(チウ)、中(チユウ)、蟄(チフ)、稲(タウ)、東(トウ)、答(タフ)、長(チヤウ)、重(チヨウ)、朝(テウ)、帖(テフ)、脳(ナウ)、農(ノウ)、納(ナフ)、嬢(ニヤウ)、女(ニヨウ)、鐃(ネウ)、捻(ネフ)、柔(ニウ)、入(ニフ)、保(ハウ)、蓬(ホウ)、乏(ハフ)、法(ホフ)、平(ヒヤウ)、冰(ヒヨウ)、豹(ヘウ)、毛(マウ)、蒙(モウ)、明(ミヤウ)、貌(メウ)、留(リウ)、立(リフ)、老(ラウ)、籠(ロウ)、拉(ラフ)、良(リヤウ)、龍(リヨウ)、燎(レウ)、猟(レフ)、自(ジ)、治(ヂ)、蛇(ジャ)、樹(ジュ)、序(ジヨ)、除(ヂヨ)、神(ジン)、陣(ヂン)、淳(ジユン)、孰(ジク)、竺(ヂク)、寂(ジヤク)、著(ヂヤク)、粥(ジユク)、辱(ジヨク)、濁(ヂヨク)、実(ジツ)、帙(ヂツ)、述(ジユツ)、朮(ヂユツ)、食(ジキ)、直(ヂキ)、豆(ヅ)、隋(ズヰ)
 この仮名遣いは、『韻鏡』という韻図に従って多分に演繹(えんえき)的に定められたものであると同時に、江戸時代の音韻を背景にしてつくられたものであったために、実際の古代文献にみられる仮名の使われ方と矛盾する点がある。たとえば、宣長は「水」「隋」などを「スヰ」「ズヰ」としたが、古代文献では「スイ」「ズイ」となっている。また、「保」「帽」「毛」を「ハウ」「バウ」「マウ」としたが、古代文献では「ホウ」「ボウ」「モウ」となっている。これらは、今日の辞典類では古代文献にみられる形に修正される大勢にある。さらに、江戸時代の音韻にはカ行合拗音(ごうようおん)のみが残存していたために、宣長は「光(クワウ)」などは認めたが、古代文献にみられる「均(クヰン)」「元(グヱン)」などイ列やエ列合拗音は認めていない。このように、「字音仮名遣い」は今後修正を施さなければならない問題点を多く残している。

[沼本克明]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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