British doctor. Born in Berkeley as the third son of a clergyman. From the age of 14, he trained for seven years under a general practitioner in Sodbury, near Bristol. During that time, he heard from a female patient that "people who had cowpox (a disease that causes smallpox in cattle. It can also be transmitted to humans and cause smallpox, but the disease is mild) do not get smallpox." At the age of 21, he went to London and studied under J. Hunter, a famous surgeon, anatomist, and naturalist at the time. At the age of 24, he returned to Berkeley and opened a clinic. At that time, smallpox was prevalent and many people died from it. As a countermeasure, a dangerous method was used in which smallpox material from a smallpox patient was implanted on the skin of a person to infect them. Jenner began his research based on the story of a patient he had heard in Sodbury, and first confirmed that people who had cowpox could not get smallpox. On May 14, 1796, he inoculated smallpox material from a girl who had cowpox into the arm of a boy about 8 years old named James Phipps (1788-1853). Eventually, he developed smallpox similar to that of natural infection and recovered. After that, he implanted smallpox material on the boy, but it did not spread. In other words, it was experimentally proven that the pathogen of cowpox can be transmitted from person to person, and that people who had cowpox and recovered could not get smallpox. He continued similar experiments and published a paper in 1798. This method, called cowpox vaccination, was recognized as a safe and effective method for preventing smallpox and became widely used around the world. He continued to work on the spread of vaccination in Berkeley, and died on January 26, 1823, at the age of 73. He also made important discoveries in natural history, such as the ecology of the cuckoo and the migratory habits of birds. In 1980, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared that smallpox had been eradicated from the world. This was due to the systematic spread of vaccination. The virus used for vaccination around the world, including in Japan, is called the vaccinia virus , and is not the cowpox virus. It is unclear which virus was used for vaccination in Jenner's time. Jenner's invention became the basis for all subsequent vaccine development, and is also said to be the origin of immunology. [Kato Shiro] [References] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
イギリスの医師。牧師の三男としてバークリーに生まれる。14歳のときよりブリストルに近いソドバリーの開業医の下で7年間修業する。その間に、ある女性の患者から、「かつて牛痘(ウシに痘疹(とうしん)のできる病気。人にも感染し痘疹ができるが軽症)にかかった人は、痘瘡(とうそう)(天然痘)にかからない」という話を聞く。21歳のときロンドンに出て、当時の有名な外科医で解剖学者・博物学者のJ・ハンターに師事。24歳のときバークリーに帰って医院を開業した。 当時は、痘瘡の流行が著しく、多数の人々が痘瘡で死亡した。その対策として、痘瘡患者の痘疹の材料を人の皮膚に植え付けて感染させるという危険な方法が行われていた。ジェンナーはソドバリーで聞いた患者の話をヒントにして調査を始め、まず牛痘にかかったことのある人が痘瘡にかからないことを確かめた。1796年5月14日、牛痘にかかっていたある娘の痘疹の材料をフィップスJames Phipps(1788―1853)という、およそ8歳の少年の腕に接種した。やがて自然感染の場合と同様の痘疹ができて治癒した。その後、この少年に痘瘡の材料を植えたが、つかなかった。すなわち、牛痘の病原体が人から人に伝達できること、また、牛痘にかかって治った人は痘瘡にかからないこと、が実験的に証明された。その後も同様の実験を重ねて、1798年に論文として発表した。この方法は、牛痘種痘法とよばれ、痘瘡の予防に安全で効果のある方法であることが認められ、広く世界で行われるようになった。 その後もバークリーで種痘の普及に尽くし、1823年1月26日に73歳で死去した。カッコウの生態、鳥の渡りの習性など博物学についても優れた発見をしている。 1980年、世界保健機関(WHO)は、世界から痘瘡を根絶させたと宣言した。これは種痘を組織的に普及させたことによる。日本を含め世界的に種痘に用いられてきたウイルスは、ワクチニアウイルスVaccinia virusとよばれるもので、牛痘ウイルスではない。ジェンナーの時代に種痘に用いられたウイルスが、そのいずれであったのかは不明である。ジェンナーの発明は、その後のすべてのワクチン開発の基礎となったものであり、免疫学の原点ともいわれている。 [加藤四郎] [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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