The language of the Republic of Bulgaria. It belongs to the South Slavic group of the Slavic languages. The speaker population is about 8 million. The written language has a long tradition of over 1000 years, and its oldest layer corresponds to Old Church Slavonic, whose manuscripts were created in Bulgaria in the 10th and 11th centuries. The 12th century documents already reflect significant changes in the Bulgarian linguistic system (the trend towards analytical language), and the medieval Bulgarian written language of the 12th to 16th centuries is distinguished from Old Church Slavonic. In the 17th and 18th centuries, a new written language was formed, breaking away from the old written tradition and incorporating living folk languages and Turkish linguistics. The norms of modern written language were sought in the early 19th century, and the foundations of the modern Bulgarian standard written language, based on the northeastern Bulgarian dialects and modeled on Russian literary language, were established in the second half of the 19th century. The main linguistic features are (1) the disappearance of case-inflected forms of nouns and adjectives, and the expression of case relationships by prepositions; (2) the qualification of nouns by postpositional articles (книга та, "book"; език ът, "language"); (3) the disappearance of the infinitive verb; (4) the retention of the old past tense forms -- the aorist (четох, "I read"), the imperfect (четах, "I was reading"), and the perfect (чел съм, "I have read"); (5) the Proto-Slavic *tj and *dj becoming щ and жд; and (6) the Proto-Slavic nasal vowel * becoming ъ. [Kurihara Shigeru] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ブルガリア共和国の言語。スラブ語派の南スラブ語群に属する。言語人口は約800万。文章語は1000年を超える長い伝統をもち、その最古層は、10~11世紀にブルガリアにおいて写本が作成された古代教会スラブ語と一致する。12世紀の文献にはすでにブルガリア語の言語体系における重大な変化(分析的言語への傾向)が反映されており、12~16世紀の中世ブルガリア文語は古代教会スラブ語と区別される。17~18世紀には古い文語の伝統を離脱し、生きた民衆語やトルコ語法を取り入れた新しい文章語が形成された。近代的な文章語の規範は19世紀の初頭に探求され、ブルガリア北東方言を基盤にしてロシア文語を手本とした現代ブルガリア標準文語は19世紀後半にその基礎が確立された。主要な言語的特徴は(1)名詞・形容詞の格変化形が消失し、格の関係が前置詞で表現されること、(2)後置冠詞によって名詞が限定されること(книга та「本」、език ът「言語」)、(3)動詞不定形の消失、(4)古い過去時制の保持――アオリスト(четох「私は読んだ」)、未完了(четах「私は読んでいた」)、完了(чел съм「私は読んでしまった」)、(5)スラブ祖語の*tj、*djがщ、ждとなること、(6)スラブ祖語の鼻母音*がъとなること、などである。 [栗原成郎] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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