James, William

Japanese: ジェームズ(英語表記)James, William
James, William
Born: January 11, 1842 in New York
[Died] August 26, 1910, Chocorua, New Hampshire American philosopher, psychologist, and leader of pragmatism. Brother of novelist H. James. Entered Harvard University's School of Science in 1861, and later transferred to the medical school. Studied in Germany from 1867 to 1868, and was influenced by French philosopher C. Renouvier and others, and became interested in psychology and philosophy. Graduated in 1869, he obtained his degree, but did not open a practice, spending his time recuperating and reading. In 1872, he became a lecturer in physiology at Harvard University. Later, he switched to psychology, teaching physiological psychology rather than the traditional science of thought, and making a great contribution to experimental psychology. He also held the German psychologist C. Stumpf in high regard. He went on to study religion and ethical phenomena, and then entered the study of philosophy. His position was based on fundamental empiricism. He also became interested in psychical science from around 1882, and served as the first president of the American Society for Psychical Research. His major works include The Principles of Psychology (1890), The Will to Believe and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy (97), The Varieties of Religious Experience (1901-2), Pragmatism (07), and Essays in Radical Empiricism (12).

James
James, Henry

Born: April 15, 1843, New York
[Died] February 28, 1916, London American novelist. Born into a wealthy family with a philosopher father, he traveled to Europe several times from a young age with his brother William. He studied at Harvard University and lived in Europe permanently from 1875. He established his literary reputation with the novel Roderick Hudson (1875), The American (77), and the novella Daisy Miller (79). He subsequently published "international novels" dealing with the differences in culture and humanity between Europe and the United States, such as The Portrait of a Lady (81), The Wings of the Dove (1902), The Ambassadors (03), and The Golden Bowl (04), as well as travelogues, letters, and critiques. He also broke new ground in terms of technique, such as setting the point of view of a character and describing the inner thoughts of others, and is counted as one of the greatest writers of the 20th century, as a forerunner of Joyce and Proust.

James
James, George Wharton

Born: 27 September 1858, Gainsborough, Lincolnshire
[Died] November 8, 1923. Pasadena, California. British-born explorer and introducer of the American Southwest. He moved to the United States in 1881 and served as a Methodist pastor in California and Nevada until 1889. He wrote many reports and wrote about the geography of the American Southwest and the lives of Native Americans, and was also known for having been close friends with them. His major works include In and Around the Grand Canyon (1900) and Prehistoric Cliff Dwellings of the Southwest (18).

James
James, Marquis

Born: August 29, 1891 in Springfield, Maryland
[Died] November 1955, New York, Rye. American journalist and author. Served in the military from 1917 to 1919, and traveled to France during World War I. From 1923 to 1932, he was on the editorial staff of American Legion Monthly, and wrote many American history and biographies. In 1937, he won the Pulitzer Prize for Andrew Jackson.

James
James, Jesse Woodson

Born September 5, 1847, near Centerville, Missouri.
Died April 3, 1882, St. Joseph, Missouri. One of the most famous outlaws in the American West. Known as Jesse James. At the age of 15, he joined the Confederate guerrillas during the Civil War and was active, but after the war he was declared an outlaw. In 1867, he organized the "James Gang" and committed bank attacks and train robberies, but was killed by his comrades after being betrayed. He never attacked the weak, clergymen, or the South, and became legendary as a righteous bandit.

James
James, Charles

Born: 27 April 1880, Earlsbarton, Northamptonshire
[Died] December 10, 1928. Born in Boston, England. Graduated from University College, London (1904). Moved to the United States and became a professor at the University of New Hampshire. Conducted extensive research on rare earth elements, and produced and fixed rare earths of high purity.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1842.1.11. ニューヨーク
[没]1910.8.26. ニューハンプシャー,チョコルア
アメリカの哲学者,心理学者,いわゆるプラグマティズムの指導者。小説家 H.ジェームズの兄。 1861年ハーバード大学理学部へ入学,のち同大学の医学部へ移籍。 67~68年ドイツに留学し,フランスの哲学者 C.ルヌービエなどの影響を受け,心理学,哲学に心をひかれた。 69年卒業,学位を得たが開業せず,療養と読書に過した。 72年ハーバード大学生理学講師。のち心理学に転じ,伝統的な思考の学としてではなく生理心理学を講じ,実験心理学に大きな貢献をした。また,ドイツの心理学者 C.シュトゥンプを高く評価。さらに宗教,倫理現象の研究に進み,その後哲学の研究に入った。その立場は根本的経験論に基づく。そのほか,82年頃から心霊学に興味をもち,アメリカ心霊研究協会の初代会長をつとめた。主著『心理学原理』 The Principles of Psychology (1890) ,『信ずる意志』 The Will to Believe and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy (97) ,『宗教的経験の諸相』 The Varieties of Religious Experience (1901~2) ,『プラグマティズム』 Pragmatism (07) ,『根本経験論』 Essays in Radical Empiricism (12) 。

ジェームズ
James, Henry

[生]1843.4.15. ニューヨーク
[没]1916.2.28. ロンドン
アメリカの小説家。哲学者を父として,名門の富裕な家に生れ,兄ウィリアムとともに幼い頃から何度かヨーロッパに旅行した。ハーバード大学に学び,1875年からヨーロッパに永住,長編『ロデリック・ハドソン』 Roderick Hudson (1875) ,『アメリカ人』 The American (77) ,中編『デイジー・ミラー』 Daisy Miller (79) で文名を確立,以後『ある婦人の肖像』 The Portrait of a Lady (81) ,『鳩の翼』 The Wings of the Dove (1902) ,『使者たち』 The Ambassadors (03) ,『黄金の鉢』 The Golden Bowl (04) など,欧米間の文化,人間性の相違を扱った「国際小説」を発表したほか,旅行記,書簡,評論などを残した。視点人物の設定,内面描写など技法上でも新生面を開き,ジョイス,プルーストらの先駆者として 20世紀最大の作家の一人に数えられる。

ジェームズ
James, George Wharton

[生]1858.9.27. リンカーンシャー,ゲインズバラ
[没]1923.11.8. カリフォルニア,パサディナ
イギリス生れのアメリカ南西部地域の探検家,紹介者。 1881年アメリカに移り,89年までカリフォルニア,ネバダでメソジスト派牧師。アメリカ南西部の地理,インディアンの生活についての調査報告および著述が多く,彼らと親しくつきあったことでも有名。主著『グランド・キャニヨン周辺』 In and Around the Grand Canyon (1900) ,『南西部の先史時代の断崖住居』 Prehistoric Cliff Dwellings of the Southwest (18) 。

ジェームズ
James, Marquis

[生]1891.8.29. メリーランド,スプリングフィールド
[没]1955.11. ニューヨーク,ライ
アメリカのジャーナリスト,作家。 1917~19年軍務に服し第1次世界大戦下のフランスに渡る。 23~32年『アメリカ在郷軍人会月報』 American Legion Monthlyの編集スタッフとなり,アメリカの歴史,伝記を多数著わした。 37年『アンドルー・ジャクソン伝』 Andrew Jacksonでピュリッツァー賞を得た。

ジェームズ
James, Jesse Woodson

[生]1847.9.5. ミズーリ,センタービル付近
[没]1882.4.3. ミズーリ,セントジョーゼフ
アメリカ西部における最も著名な無法者の一人。ジェシー・ジェームズとして知られる。南北戦争当時 15歳で南軍ゲリラ隊に加わり活躍したが,戦後無法者の宣告を受け,1867年に「ジェームズ団」を組織して銀行襲撃,列車強盗を働き,仲間の裏切りにより殺された。弱者や牧師,南部は襲わず,義賊として伝説化された。

ジェームズ
James, Charles

[生]1880.4.27. ノーサンプトンシャー,アールスバートン
[没]1928.12.10. ボストン
イギリス生れのアメリカの化学者。ロンドン大学のユニバーシティ・カレッジ卒業 (1904) 。アメリカに渡ってニューハンプシャー大学教授。希土類元素に関する広範な研究を行い,純度の高い希土の製造,固定を行なった。

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