Uriyanghai - Uriyanghai (English spelling)

A Mongolian ethnic group that lived in the Onon Riverhead in Outer Mongolia during the Yuan Dynasty, China, but migrated to the east of the Khingan Mountains during the Ming Dynasty. They are also written as Hu Liangha. In 1389, the Ming Emperor Hongwu established the Urianhai Triad, consisting of Taining, Fuyu, and Duyan, for this ethnic group, and had Ajasiri, the Liao King, a member of the Yuan Imperial family, and others govern it. After that, the Urianhai Triad was important not only as a base for the Ming's northern defense, but also as a source of military horses, but it was strongly influenced by mainland Mongolia and continued to rebel against the Ming. In the mid-15th century, it was attacked by Esen of the Oirats and suffered a devastating blow. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the Sanwei Uryanhai were oppressed by the Inner Mongolians and declined, eventually disappearing after being absorbed into the Inner Mongolians. It is said that the ethnic groups called Tangnu and Uryanhai in the upper reaches of the Yenisei River (the inhabitants of the current Tuyba Republic of the Russian Federation) were originally the same ethnic group as the Uryanhai.

[Hiroshi Wakamatsu]

"History of the Horse-riding Peoples 3" translated and annotated by Akira Haneda, Nagao Sato, et al. (Heibonsha, Toyo Bunko)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国、元代に外モンゴルのオノン河源にいたが、明(みん)代に興安嶺(こうあんれい／シンアンリン)東方に移住したモンゴル系の民族。兀良哈とも書く。明の洪武帝(こうぶてい)はこの民族のために1389年、泰寧(たいねい)、福余(ふよ)、朶顔(ドヤン)の3衛からなるウリヤンハイ三衛を置き、元の帝室の一族の遼(りょう)王阿札失里（アジャシリ）らに治めさせた。以後ウリヤンハイ三衛は明の北方防衛の拠点としてのほかに、軍馬供給地としても重視されたが、モンゴル本土からの影響が強く、明に対して叛服(はんぷく)を繰り返す状態を続けた。15世紀中ごろにオイラートのエセンに攻められて壊滅的打撃を受けた。明末清(しん)初にウリヤンハイ三衛は内モンゴル族の圧迫を受けて衰退し、そのなかに併合されて消滅した。なお、エニセイ川上流域の唐努（タンヌ）および烏梁海(ウリヤンハイ)と称する諸民族（現在のロシア連邦トゥイバ共和国の住民）も、もともとウリヤンハイと同族であるといわれる。

［若松　寛］

『羽田明・佐藤長他訳注『騎馬民族史3』（平凡社・東洋文庫）』

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