The sound produced by the vocal organs is the sound that is generated when the pair of vocal cords in the larynx are vibrated by exhaled air, and this sound is called laryngeal primary sound. It is a sound that is almost like noise with almost no resonance. This sound is modified by changes in the shape of the cavities (vocal cavities) connected above and below the vocal cords, such as the trachea, lungs, larynx, pharynx, nasal cavity, and oral cavity, to become the voice we hear in everyday life. The voice generated in this way is transformed into language by changing the shape of the tongue, lips, palate, oral cavity, etc. (speech organs or articulation organs). This is called articulation or articulation. In other words, voice is the basis of language, and it is clear to distinguish between voice disorders (voice disorders) and language disorders (language disorders) or articulation disorders. The volume of the voice is mainly determined by the volume of exhaled air and the amount of expiratory pressure, but it is also related to lung capacity. The pitch of the voice is determined by the frequency of vibration of the vocal cords, so it can be adjusted to some extent by changing the length, elasticity, and tension of the vocal cords. The length of the vocal cords can be changed by the function of the cricothyroid cartilage, but it is closely related to age, sex, and physique. Children and women have high voices, while men have low voices. The range between the highest and lowest pitches that a person can produce is called the person's vocal range. The vocal range of young children is extremely narrow, but with age the range gradually widens, and after the voice change period the vocal range is about two octaves. The pitch of the voice used in everyday conversation is called the speaking voice, and is usually several notes higher than the lower limit of the person's vocal range. When a person speaks, they listen to their own voice and unconsciously control the volume and pitch of their voice to some extent, which is called vocal feedback. A recorded version of your own voice sounds different from the voice you normally hear. This is because you also hear your own voice as bone-conducted sound. On the other hand, timbre is highly dependent on the shape, size, and properties of the walls of the vocal tract that each person possesses, so we can distinguish whose voice it is by listening to it. The pitch of a person's voice ranges from 80 Hz to 1280 Hz, covering four octaves. Voice types can be distinguished by the pitch (singing voice level) and timbre used when singing. Generally, male voices are divided into bass, baritone, and tenor, while female voices are divided into alto, mezzo-soprano, and soprano. On the other hand, vocal registers can also be divided based on the way the voice is produced. When the tone of the voice is raised from a low voice to a higher one, the voice that is powerful and rich in tone and feels like it resonates in the chest at first changes tone above a certain pitch, becoming weak and resonating in the head. This lower voice is called chest voice or chest voice, and the higher voice is called head voice or falsetto. The ranges to which these voices belong are called the chest voice register and the head voice register, respectively. The transitional area between the two registers is called the middle register. Some people distinguish false voice, which has the same range as head voice but a slightly different timbre. When moving from chest voice to middle voice to head voice, the timbre usually changes suddenly, but a skilled singer can make the transition smoothly. This is called equalization of the vocal register. It has long been thought that chest voice resonates in the chest and head voice in the head, but it is now known that both voices resonate in both the chest and the head. The difference between these voices is due to the difference in the vocal mechanism; in the chest voice, the vocal cords are thick and wide and vibrate as a whole, while in the head voice, they are thin and only the edges vibrate. Acoustically, chest voice is rich in partials, while head voice has few partials and is closer to a sine wave. The larynx moves upwards when producing a high voice and downwards when producing a low voice, but a skilled singer has less tension in the larynx, and this position is called the zero point of vocalization. In singing, the use of the diaphragm as support for the smooth exhalation during vocalization is called breath retention. On the other hand, the beginning of vocalization is called onset, and there are three types of onset: breathy onset, soft onset, hard onset, and pressure onset. For information on individual voice identification, please see the "voiceprint" article, and for information on the science of sound, please see the "phonetics" article. [Masami Kawamura] [References] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
発声器官から出る音をいい、喉頭(こうとう)の中にある左右1対の声帯を呼気によって振動させたときに発生する音が声の音源となる。この音を喉頭原音という。これはほとんど響きのない雑音に近い音である。この音が、声帯の上下につながっている気管、肺、喉頭の内腔(ないくう)、咽頭(いんとう)、鼻腔、口腔などの管腔(音声付属管腔)の形の変化によって修飾され、日常聞かれるような声となる。このようにして発生した声を、舌、口唇、口蓋(こうがい)、口腔など(発語器官あるいは構音器官)の形を変化させることにより言語をつくりだす。これを構音あるいは調音という。すなわち、声は言語の基礎となるものであり、声の障害(音声障害)と言語の障害(言語障害)あるいは構音障害とは、それぞれ明らかに区別できる。 声の大きさは主として呼気量と呼気圧の多少によって決まるが、肺活量にも関係がある。声の高さは声帯の振動数によって決まるので、声帯の長さ、弾力性、緊張度などを変化させることによってある程度調整することができる。声帯の長さは輪状甲状軟骨の働きによって変化させることはできるが、年齢、性、体格と関係が深い。小児や女性の声は高く、男性の声は低い。ある人が出すことのできる最高の音の高さと最低の音の高さの幅を、その人の声域という。幼児の声域はきわめて狭いが、年齢とともに声域の幅がしだいに広くなり、声変わりの時期がすむと声域は約2オクターブになる。日常の会話に使用している声の高さを話声位といい、普通はその人の声域の下限より数音高くなっている。人が発声しているとき、自分の声を自分で聞いて声の大きさや高さをある程度、無意識的にコントロールしており、これを声のフィードバックという。録音した自分の声は、自分がいつも聞いている声と違って聞こえる。これは、自分の声は骨伝導音としても聞いているためである。一方、音色は、それぞれの人がもっている音声付属管腔の形、大きさ、管腔壁の性質などに大きく依存しているので、声を聞けばだれの声であるかを判別することができる。 人が出すことのできる声の高さは80ヘルツから1280ヘルツの4オクターブに及んでいる。その人が歌を歌うときに使用する声の高さ(歌声位)と音色から声種を区別することができる。一般に男声をバス、バリトン、テノール、女声をアルト、メゾソプラノ、ソプラノに分けている。一方、声の出し方から声区を分けることがある。低い声からしだいに高いほうに向かって声の調子をあげていくと、初めは力強くて音色に富み、胸に響くように感じる声が、ある高さ以上になると声色が変わり、弱くて頭に響くように感じる声となる。この低音のほうの声を胸声(きょうせい)あるいは地声(じごえ)、高音のほうを頭声(とうせい)あるいは裏声(うらごえ)という。これらの声の属する範囲をそれぞれ胸声区、頭声区とよぶ。また、両声区の中間の移行部を中声区という。音域的には頭声と同じであるが、音色がやや異なる仮声(かせい)を区別する人もある。胸声区から中声区を経て頭声区に移行するとき、普通は音色が急に変わるのが目だつが、習熟した声楽家はその移行が円滑である。これを声区の均等化という。胸声は胸に、頭声は頭に共鳴する声と古くから考えられてきたが、どちらの声もいずれも胸にも頭にも共鳴していることが現在ではわかっている。これらの声の違いは発声機構の違いによるもので、声帯が胸声区では厚くて太く、全体として振動するのに対して、頭声区では薄くなって辺縁部だけが振動しているにすぎない。また、音響学的には胸声は部分音に富んでいるが、頭声は部分音が少なく、サイン波(正弦波)に近い。喉頭は、高い声を出すときは上のほうに、低い声を出すときは下のほうに動くが、習熟した声楽家は喉頭の緊張が少なく、その喉頭の位置を発声の零点という。歌唱で発声中の呼気を円滑に出すため横隔膜を支えとした呼気の使用を呼吸保持という。一方、声の出し始めを起声といい、気息起声、軟起声、硬起声、圧迫起声が区別されている。 なお、音声の個人識別については「声紋」、音声の科学については「音声学」の項目をそれぞれ参照されたい。 [河村正三] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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