Following the Mercury project, which was a one-seater satellite, this was a two-seater satellite launch project carried out by the United States in 1965-66. Gemini is the northern constellation of the Twins. The main purpose of this project was to carry out preliminary experiments for the Apollo project and to train the crew. The satellite was bell-shaped, 3.35m high, 2.28m in diameter, and weighed 3.2t. The satellite was filled with oxygen at one-third the atmospheric pressure on Earth, which the astronauts breathed. The rocket used for the launch was the two-stage Titan II type developed by the Air Force. Gemini 1, launched in 1964, was an unmanned test, and Gemini 2 failed. The first manned mission was Gemini 3, which was launched in March 1965. The crew were Major VI Grissom and Major JW Young. They orbited the Earth three times and returned safely. In Gemini 4, launched in June of the same year, Major EH White successfully performed a 20-minute spacewalk. In December, Gemini 6, led by Colonel WM Schirrer, became the first in history to successfully rendezvous with Gemini 7, led by Major F. Borman, to a distance of 30 cm. Gemini 8, in March 1966, successfully docked with its target, the Agena, for the first time. Gemini 9 then went into orbit in June of the same year, with Major EA Cernan conducting a long extravehicular activity of two hours and five minutes. Gemini 10, in July of the same year, succeeded in docking with its target and performing a spacewalk. Gemini 11, in September of the same year, created artificial gravity on a space merry-go-round after docking with the Agena. The final Gemini 12, in November 1966, established complex space technology, including docking and a two-hour and nine-minute spacewalk. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
1人乗り衛星船のマーキュリー計画に続いて 1965~66年に行われたアメリカの2人乗りの衛星船打上げ計画。ジェミニは北天の星座「ふたご座」のこと。アポロ計画の予備実験と乗員訓練を主たる目的とした。衛星船は釣鐘形で,高さ 3.35m,直径 2.28m,重さ 3.2t。衛星船内には地上の3分の1の気圧の酸素が詰められ,宇宙飛行士はそれを呼吸するようになっていた。打上げに使われたロケットは空軍が開発した2段式のタイタン II型。 64年に打上げたジェミニ1号は無人テスト,2号は失敗。初めて人間が乗ったのは 65年3月の3号。乗員は V.I.グリソム少佐と J.W.ヤング少佐。彼らは地球を3周して無事帰還した。同年6月の4号では,E.H.ホワイト少佐が 20分間の宇宙遊泳に成功。 12月には W.M.シラー大佐らの6号が F.ボーマン少佐らの7号と,史上初めて 30cmの距離までランデブーに成功した。 66年3月の8号が標的のアジェナと初のドッキングに成功。続いて同年6月に9号が軌道に乗り,E.A.サーナン少佐が2時間5分という長期船外活動を行なった。同年7月の 10号は標的とのドッキングや宇宙遊泳に成功。同年9月の 11号では,アジェナとのドッキング後,宇宙メリーゴーラウンドで人工重力をつくり出した。 66年 11月の最後のジェミニ 12号は,ドッキングや2時間9分の宇宙遊泳など複雑な宇宙技術を確立した。
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